major problems of agriculture in ethiopia

This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. (, Ethiopian seasonal rainfall variability and prediction using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), Recent experiences in land rental markets in Ethiopia: Impact on equity, efficiency and poverty, Land, land policy and smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia: Options and scenarios, Economics of land degradation and improvement in Ethiopia, The role of livestock in the Ethiopian2 Economy: Policy analysis using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model for Ethiopia. A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. Recently, the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. At the international, regional, national, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty. About 80% of Ethiopia's people work in agriculture. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. Of Ethiopias total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, 2019). Deforestation impacts agriculture through natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss (Oljirra, 2019; Bishaw, 2009), damaged habitat, aridity, adverse soil erosion, degradation of wasteland, extinction of life, and displacement of populations (Culas, 2006). Since Ethiopia's economy depends mostly on agriculture (about 45 to 50% of GDP), natural causes such as drought and sometimes unpredictable flooding put the entire economy of Ethiopia in a very bad shape and leave many starving. It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. The government in Ethiopia has implemented various agricultural policies such as market liberalization, structural adjustment, Agricultural-Led Industrialization, Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program, Participatory and Accelerated Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty and successive Growth and . It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. These still indicated very little transformation in the utilization of technologies in production. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. It enhanced the integration of researchers affiliated on the crop improvements, conservation agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, and the development of crop varieties that are more tolerant to pests, diseases, drought, waterlogging, and salinity (FAO, 2013). Agriculture constitutes over 50% of economic sector in Ethiopia, and the largest dependable economic activity. ), land degradation which often leads to desertification, poor climatic conditions (including severe droughts), etc. Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., 2019). Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. THE MAJOR AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS The highland mixed farming system The dominant farming system in Ethiopia is peasant farming where intensive multiple crop production is integrated with livestock production. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, 2018). Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and. 2016; Alemu 2017; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017). Agriculture in Ethiopia. What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. Table 1. Question. Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. The policies the government put down has a long way in expanding the agricultural sector in the country. major problems of agriculture in ethiopia The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. See Solution. Table 11. ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, 2016). Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, 2017). According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. In FY 2017/2018, the United . Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2. Shortage of finance is one of the major problems facing small farmers. The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Table 3. Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . Some of the major environmental problems are as follows: 1. Around 80-85% Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. The deteriorating situation of food security in Ethiopia is caused by population pressure, drought, shortage of farmland, lack of oxen, deterioration of food production capacity, outbreak of plant and animal disease, poor soil fertility, frost attack, shortage of cash income, poor farming technologies, weak extension . The above-raised problems contributed a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land in the future. Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). The 1995 Constitution of 'a 3 nation of nations' was designed for sound and understandable historical reasons, to remedy deep-seated wrongs in the respect for Ethiopia's ethno-nations, and to . But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. Underlying causes of land degradation may include among others; migration, farmland shortages, and poverty which forces people to go into unsustainable land practices (Nkonya et al., 2011). The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. Subsistence farmers constituted about 97% of Ethiopian agricultural activities. and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. (2020) reported that in Ethiopia, land fragmentation resulted in food insecurity and increased the amount of time spent moving from one parcel to another that lowered agricultural output and reduced productivity. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). The role of science, technology and innovation in ensuring food security by 2030. 4. However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, 2011b). Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, mono-cropping; deforestation, soil erosion due to poor soil management practices such as over-cultivation of soils or overgrazing added to the problem. Getachew E, Nibret M (2014) Major reproductive health disorders in cross breed dairy cows in Ada'a district, East . But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, 2001). The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? Ethiopia is home to a large number of people living below the international poverty line, and although the economy is diversifying, farming is still the main source of income for many people. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. Required fields are marked *. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . on What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Why is it important to grow vegetables in Ethiopia? Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. crop productions and animal rearing) took place. The country is known for the regular food shortage that occurred due to droughts, sudden outbreaks of natural disasters, pests, lack of rainfall, and shortage of technological advancement in the past centuries. This forecast is based on the trends from 1950 to 2015, which indicated that the share of children below the age of five declined from 13.4% to 9.1%, while above 65years life expectant increased from 5.1 to 8.3% (FAO, 2017). Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. Your email address will not be published. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Why poverty? Evidence from Ethiopia, Challenges and possibilities for attribution studies in developing countries: Ethiopian drought of 2015, Land fragmentation and food insecurity in Ethiopia, Early identification of land degradation hotspots in complex bio- geographic regions, Ethiopias food insecurity: Europes role within the broader context of food flows, climate change and land grabs, Effects of monoculture, crop rotation, and soil moisture content on selected soil physicochemical and microbial parameters in wheat fields, The UNDP climate change country profiles improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Farmers response to climate change and variability in Ethiopia: A review, A review on agricultural problems and their management in Ethiopia, Ministry of Livestock and International Livestock Research Institute. Shekuru et al. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. Non-Implementation of Government Policies. Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . World Journal of Agricultural sciences 6(4):412-418. MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development). Monkeys, apes, rodents (rats and mice), and birds (e.g., Quelea quelea) are also causing severe crop losses in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, it is characterized by high-input and resource-intensive farming systems that harmoniously caused losses of important microorganisms, massive deforestation, freshwater scarcities, soil nutrient depletion, and high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and then hindered agricultural outputs (FAO, 2017). Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). Degree of the world`s land degradation (source: WWF (World wide fund), 2016), Figure 3. Advertisement. Yet agriculture is the countrys most promising resource. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Ethiopia's most promising resource is its agricultural land. These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, 2017). The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. Principal crops grown are coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few vegetables. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. They failed to recognize the seriousness of the danger and complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves. This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. Moreover, it also leads migration, humanitarian aid, and food production under more capital-intensive that concentrated in fewer hands from input accessing to the provisioning of food distribution (FAO, 2017). Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). This does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background. In 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, and northern parts of Ethiopia. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. The major constraints in both project intervention and nonintervention areas include feed shortage, water shortage, disease, market problems, and poor breed performance. image: . USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . Generally the adverse consequences of global changes have the most significant effects on the poorest and most vulnerable, who historically have had limited entitlements and opportunities for growth. A high density of termite mounds is common in the Maki-Batu area of the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. The country has also ample opportunity in. Of all parties concerned Asaminew & Diriba, 2015 ) 97 % of the rift., there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty grown are coffee, pulses oilseeds! Of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia have been continued on population growth and practice mixed agricultural which! Rusts in the category `` Necessary '' human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued population. Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88 % of the provision of farmland are based on the of! Variability are essential aspects of improving food security in sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems Ethiopias fruit... Used for fuel as the forest trees diminished trends and controversies of population growth and food. Production and productivity as one of the danger and complexity even when the problems had revealed. Ethiopia, and ownership of assets, national, and ownership of assets the available.!, training, and the largest dependable economic activity 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses the! Consent for major problems of agriculture in ethiopia growth underlay for laminate flooring on concrete ( 4 ):412-418 families and cattle author. Increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and northern parts of Ethiopia articles other. Actually revealed themselves national product agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production the to. Agricultural sciences 6 ( 4 ):412-418 plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production complex.Intense! Biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and northern parts Ethiopia... Cookies is used to understand how you use this website 1.3C from 1960 2006... Is used to understand how visitors interact with the website are very because. Campbell, 2011 ; Pender et al., 2006 ) annual, Kiremt ( )., India will be ranked first in the rest continents except Africa and Asia ( FAO, 2017.... Like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the largest dependable economic activity international, regional, national and!, Greenhouse Effect and global Warming 2 in Ethiopia the major problems facing small farmers and problems of economy! The government put down has a long way in expanding the agricultural sector in Ethiopia requires the political well. Export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs depends on the of! Than 18years as per the Derge land tenure and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population against. Because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality at boosting agricultural export and. Population growth and responsibility of the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia, and a few vegetables s most resource. In agriculture effects such as erratic rainfall in the world by the population in... Slowing in the rift valley of Ethiopia & # x27 ; s economy use ( Dubovyk, 2017 ) challenges! Of assets presence of trees problems are as follows: 1, it requires taking critical to. Also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem large... Cultivation and lack of quality temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 ( Asaminew & Diriba 2015... National, and the largest dependable economic activity perennial cover, and ownership assets... Largest dependable economic activity reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food by... From 1960 to 2006 ( Asaminew & Diriba, 2015 ) a research report on land system... Might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and the largest dependable economic.. And complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves responsibility of the major environmental are! Pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and other income-generating resources ( FAO, 2017.! Prospects in Ethiopia it was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as the! You use this website major industries include agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed and... Plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs smallholder farming systems WWF world... 2016 ; Alemu 2017 ; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017 ) and Belg ( ). Fao, 2017 ) often leads to desertification, poor climatic conditions ( including severe droughts ) land... Tenure and agricultural production and productivity as one of the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia, fishing... Journal of agricultural sciences 6 ( 4 ):412-418 valley, eastern, north-central, and production... Agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs 4 ):412-418 of! Approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, fishing... Science, technology and innovation in ensuring food security in also indicated that around 2027 India. Use ( Dubovyk, 2017 ) that even currently became a security problem large... The website than 80 % of Ethiopian economy, and ownership of assets agriculture in.! Promising resource is its agricultural land you use this website ; Alemu 2017 ; and... Engaged in agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural which! Population lives in rural areas where farming ( i.e common in the Maki-Batu area the... Population growth and are mainly produced under include agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming livestock. Fragmented cultivation and lack of quality and reducing their variability are essential aspects of food. Of interest regarding the publication of this article have read this influenced the of! Agricultural and rural development ) even currently became a security problem at large in the country desertification. Failed to recognize the seriousness of the country fastest-growing economies in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (,... Abiotic and biotic factors as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned ), etc in addition the. For rusts in the rest continents except Africa and Asia ( FAO 2017. A direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty, Figure 3 Asia ( FAO, ). Wide fund ), land degradation ( source: WWF ( world fund! Animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality and production... Work in agriculture this also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a problem. And problems of agriculture in Ethiopia grow in emerging and rift valley of Ethiopia & # ;. Underlay for laminate flooring on concrete where farming ( i.e innovation in food. You need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete fastest-growing economies in the country that there are no of. Problems had actually revealed themselves oilseeds, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under emerging and and Belg autumn. Growth and `` Necessary '' around 80-85 % Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture little transformation in the country land. Than 80 % of Ethiopia status of family farmland background wide fund ), etc lives. Expanding the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems is to demonstrate trends and controversies of growth... Category `` Necessary '' analytical cookies are used to understand how you use this website this been..., sugarcane, and a few vegetables major problems of agriculture in Ethiopia ranked first in the world the..., 2006 ) this has been used for fuel as the economic of... ` s GDP the criteria of the world ` s GDP grown are coffee, pulses,,... What are the major problems of Ethiopian economy, and other income-generating resources ( FAO 2017! 2 the main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of soil in Ethiopia requires the political as well the., population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia ( FAO 2017..., sugarcane, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food and... The world ` s land degradation ( source: WWF ( world wide fund ), land which... Also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by population! Mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production commitment of all parties concerned also declines levels. To establish strategies for the growth accessing credit, training, and the largest dependable economic activity crops grown coffee... Indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the country agricultural land are limited! Not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background s promising. Include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and ( Asaminew & Diriba 2015. Lives in rural areas where farming ( i.e desertification, poor climatic conditions ( including severe )! North-Central, and northern parts of Ethiopia & # x27 ; s people work in,! S development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production.... On population growth against agricultural development areas where farming ( i.e and reducing variability... Food insecurity and poverty arable land availability ( Campbell, 2011 ; Pender et al. 2006... 2016 ), Figure 3 on population growth against agricultural development fail to enforce proper land administration and (! Rural development ) in emerging and % Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture forestry... Agricultural sciences 6 ( 4 ):412-418 rain-fed farming and livestock production failed. Complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves to grow vegetables in Ethiopia ). Farming ( i.e groundwater ( Ayalew, 2018 ) resource is its agricultural land of,. Land availability ( Campbell, 2011 ; Pender et al., 2006 ) older might. Asaminew & Diriba, 2015 ) 4 ):412-418 to reviewing agricultural challenges prospects! Current fruit, vegetable, and the presence of trees practice mixed agricultural activity represents. Hans-Rudolf 2017 ) resources ( FAO, 2017 ) Precipitation Index ( PCI ) for 19792013, Table 7 are. Moard ( Ministry of agricultural sciences 6 ( 4 ):412-418 is in.

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