Neither NASA nor SRB manufacturer Morton Thiokol addressed the issue. Jesus, he looks like the pizza I once forgot completely high in the oven. Heritage Space/Heritage Images/Getty Images. WebIt was known that the Challenger with its crew of seven blew up about 73 seconds after lift-off. Columbia tore up when it re-entered the atmosphere and its heat tiles flew off. The accident was caused by a hole in the shuttle's left wing that occurred at launch. challenger autopsy photos. WebPhotos taken by ground-based telescopes on Jan. 28, 1986, when the Challenger exploded shortly after its launching, show that the crew cabin survived the initial Not really. [3]:363 The orbiter was a reusable, winged vehicle that launched vertically and landed as a glider. But last week the investigation into the explosion of the Challenger was only beginning. [1]:123124 NASA engineers suggested that the field joints should be redesigned to include shims around the O-rings, but they received no response. Additional amateur and professional recordings have since become publicly available. Over a period of four months, the commission interviewed over 160 individuals, held at least 35 investigative sessions, and involved more than 6,000 NASA employees, contractors, and support personnel. A piece of debris from the exploded Challenge found underwater in the waters off Florida in February 1986. They were connected to the external tank, and burned for the first two minutes of flight. [17]:16 The search for debris formally began on February8 with the rescue and salvage ship USSPreserver, and eventually grew to sixteen ships, of which three were managed by NASA, four by the US Navy, one by the US Air Force and eight by independent contractors. Bodies Challenger Astronaut Autopsy Photos. He was among the crew members on the ill-fated Challenger. In an earlier development, Lt. Cmdr. form.wpcf7-form input[type="url"]:focus,form.wpcf7-form input[type="tel"]:focus, The seven crew members who were killed in the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion. a#backtop,#respond input[type="submit"],.skt-ctabox div.skt-ctabox-button a:hover,.widget_tag_cloud a:hover,.continue a,blockquote,.skt-quote,#foodeez-paginate .foodeez-current,#foodeez-paginate a:hover,.postformat-gallerydirection-nav li a:hover,#wp-calendar,.comments-template .reply a,#commentsbox .reply a,#content .contact-left form input[type="submit"]:hover,.skt-parallax-button:hover,.sktmenu-toggle,#footer .tagcloud a:hover,form.wpcf7-form input[type="submit"] {background-color: #759e49; } There was concern that subfreezing temperatures might cause seals joining rocket segments to leak gases, and unconfirmed reports told of a drop in rocket pressure before the explosion. Engineers at Rockwell International, which manufactured the orbiter, were concerned that ice would be violently thrown during launch and could potentially damage the orbiter's thermal protection system or be aspirated into one of the engines. The exhibit was opened by NASA Administrator Charles Bolden along with family members of the crew. "Obviously a major malfunction," said Stephen A. Nesbitt of NASA's Mission Control on the communication channels. (a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(n=t.source||{}).concatemoji?c(n.concatemoji):n.wpemoji&&n.twemoji&&(c(n.twemoji),c(n.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings); [2]:III-116, The projected launch schedule of 24 per year was criticized by the Rogers Commission as an unrealistic goal that created unnecessary pressure on NASA to launch missions. [30] After the remains arrived at Dover Air Force Base, they were transferred to the families of the crew members. WebHowever, this "transcript" originated with an article published in a February 1991 issue of Weekly World News, a tabloid famous for . It was the deadliest U.S. wildfire in 80 years. #skenav ul li.current-menu-ancestor > a, Morton Thiokol engineers determined that the cold temperatures caused a loss of flexibility in the O-rings that decreased their ability to seal the field joints, which allowed hot gas and soot to flow past the primary O-ring. } Jax the Staffy is rescued after being stuck in a cave for two days, Eight people shot at Martin Luther King Day event in Florida, How it unfolded: Nepal's plane crash tragedy that claimed 72 lives, As it happened: UK Government blocks Scotland's new gender law. 33 Photos Of The Challenger Explosion And Its Devastating Aftermath Are These The Final Words Of Challenger Crew Report On Columbia Details How Astronauts D The New York Times E Shuttle Challenger Disaster At 35 Nasa Details Columbia Crew S Grisly Cbs News Challenger Sts 51 L Part 4 End Of Innocence Are These The Final Words Of Challenger Crew 30th Anniversary Of Space Shuttle Challenger Explosion Photos. yelled Captain Smith over communication channels as the spacecraft took flight. It was initially built between 1975 and 1978 to be a test vehicle, but was later converted into a fully fledged spacecraft. McConnell's book was criticized for arguing for a conspiracy involving NASA Administrator Fletcher awarding the contract to Morton Thiokol because it was from his home state of Utah. T+3:15 to end. [4]:122, The crew cabin, which was made of reinforced aluminum, separated in one piece from the rest of the orbiter. The agency has more ambitious dreams, but it has yet to generate much enthusiasm for building a permanent space station, despite President Reagan's endorsement. On February15, Rogers released a statement that established the commission's changing role to investigate the accident independent of NASA due to concerns of the failures of the internal processes at NASA. Five astronauts and two payload specialists make up the STS 51-L crew, scheduled to fly aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger in January of 1986.. 2 Alabama teens charged in overdose death, photos of body posted online. [4]:47,101 The air temperature was forecast to drop to 18F (8C) overnight before rising to 22F (6C) at 6:00 a.m. and 26F (3C) at the scheduled launch time of 9:38 am. March 10, 1986 12 AM PT Associated Press CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. Pathologists today examined crew remains recovered from Challenger's shattered cabin, sources reported, while the ocean search. They think that from the condition that the crew compartment was found in, and using While I'm not sure about Challenger 7, you can look up Vladimir Komarov if you want to see what it looks like when a rocket's parachute fails. Subsequent investigations into the Challenger explosion found that the disaster was sparked by a deadly combination of faulty equipment, poor weather conditions, and reckless leadership. Space Shuttle Challenger Explosion, Teacher Christa McAuliffe Dies Ronald McNair, Christa McAuliffe, Michael J. Smith, Dick Scobee, and Ellison Onizuk die in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster . Farm Heroes Saga, the #4 Game on iTunes. The color and size of the smoke indicated there were serious problems just seconds after takeoff, All too real: The extent of the tragedy became all too clear as the smoke plume grew ever large and then was seen to envelope Challenger itself (left), Horrifying: Fuel tanks began to jet away in opposite directions spewing white vapor and leaving behind a startling pyrotechnic display. Feel free to contact us - (909) 467-8531. [99], 1986 inflight breakup of U.S. Space Shuttle. height: 40px; WebChallenger Disaster Autopsy Photos - Images All Disaster from www.snopes.com The space shuttle challenger disaster was a fatal incident in the united states' space Investigators found their remaining unused air supply consistent with the expected consumption during the post-breakup trajectory. Part of the Space Shuttle Challenger collected during recovery efforts. [4]:591592[89] Also in 1996, Claus Jensen published No Downlink: A Dramatic Narrative About the Challenger Accident and Our Time that primarily discusses the development of rocketry prior to the disaster, and was criticized for its reliance on secondary sources with little original research conducted for the book. The cause of the disaster was the failure of both the primary and secondary redundant O-ring seals in a joint in the shuttle's right solid rocket booster (SRB). It was sponsored by Boy Scout Troop 514 of Monument, Colorado, and was recovered intact, still sealed in its plastic container. The Accident Analysis Panel, chaired by Kutyna, used data from salvage operations and testing to determine the exact cause behind the accident. top: 6px; .sticky-post { border-color: #759e49; } ''I am convinced,'' he said, ''that we'll be flying again, perhaps sooner than we think now.''. The shuttle was about 48,000 feet above the Earth when it was torn apart. NASA officials had been warned multiple times by engineers and staff that the space shuttle was not ready for launch; Allan McDonald, director of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Motor Project under Morton Thiokol, an engineering contractor working with NASA on the mission, had even refused to sign a launch recommendation for the Challenger the night before. Is it time Harry & Meghan accept Clarkson's apology and move on? In April and August 1988, the RSRM was tested with intentional flaws that allowed hot gas to penetrate the field joint. Swedish Military Surplus Vehicles, The impact of the crew compartment with the ocean surface was so violent that evidence of damage occurring in the seconds which followed the disintegration was masked. Christa McAuliffe, one of the crew members, was to be the first teacher in space. With Challenger, the crew cabin was intact and they know that the crew was alive for at least some of the fall into the ocean. It was part of a routine transportation mission that brought crew and cargo into orbit. [76][77][78] In 1990, a 1/10 scale replica of Challenger in liftoff position was erected in Little Tokyo district of Los Angeles, California. The agency rebounded then with the successful moon landings. "Sometimes painful things like this happen. I cannot imagine how utterly terrified those poor people were, tumbling toward earth, knowing they would die. [66], The Space Shuttle fleet was grounded for two years and eight months while the program underwent investigation, redesign, and restructuring. It proposed a redesign of the joints in the SRB that would prevent gas from blowing past the O-rings. [16] Deepwater recovery operations continued until April29, with smaller scale, shallow recovery operations continuing until August29. From left to right: Ellison Onizuka, Mike Smith, Christa McAuliffe, Dick Scobee, Greg Jarvis, Ron McNair and Judy Resnick. .social li a:hover:before{color:#fff; } 2 BigSixxRaven. TabDeal have about Should joint rotation occur, any rotation that reduced the O-ring seal on one side of the clevis wall would increase it on the other side. Among the crew were pilot Mike Smith; commander Dick Scobee; mission specialists Ellison S. Onizuka, Judy Resnick, and Ron McNair; payload specialist Greg Jarvis; and teacher-turned-astronaut Christa McAuliffe, who was supposed to become the first teacher in outer space. *::-moz-selection{background: #759e49;color:#fff;} The plume appeared to be near one of the sealed joints. This sequence of never-before-seen photographs shows the Challenger space shuttle disaster from a dramatic new perspective as it explodes over the Atlantic Ocean, killing all seven crew on board. border: none !important; challenger astronaut autopsy photos. [16] The remains of the crew were badly damaged from impact and submersion, and were not intact bodies. But the excitement quickly turned to horror when the shuttle exploded about 10 miles in the air, leaving a trail debris falling back to earth. challenger astronaut autopsy photos. The crew also planned to study Halley's Comet as it passed near the sun,[2]:III-76 and deploy and retrieve a SPARTAN satellite. Michael Smith was assigned as the pilot, and the mission specialists were Ellison Onizuka, Judith Resnik, and Ronald McNair. .col-one .box .title, .col-two .box .title, .col-three .box .title, .col-four .box .title {color: #759e49 !important; } Astronaut Diary S Newsboy holding edition of the Concord Monitor headlining Challenger disaster & death of local teacher/astronaut Sharon Christa McAuliffe. [14]:245247, While analyzing the wreckage, investigators discovered that several electrical system switches on Smith's right-hand panel had been moved from their usual launch positions. [2]:III-97 A tree for each astronaut was planted in NASA's Astronaut Memorial Grove at the Johnson Space Center, along with trees for each astronaut from the Apollo 1 and Columbia disasters. She had beaten 11,400 other applicants to win a spot on the Space Shuttle Challenger through President Ronald Regan's "Teacher in Space Project.". The cause of the accident was a faulty seal in one of the shuttle's rockets which compromised the fuel tanks. [1]:124125 In 1980, the NASA Verification/Certification Committee requested further tests on joint integrity to include testing in the temperature range of 40 to 90F (4 to 32C) and with only a single O-ring installed. The record-low temperatures of the launch had stiffened the rubber O-rings, reducing their ability to seal the joints. Switches had been activated, oxygen tanks hooked . Solid rocket boosters fly in opposite directions after the fatal explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger. #full-division-box { background-image: url("https://huntingpestservices.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/parallax199.jpg"); } [17]:53 On December 17, 1996, two pieces of the orbiter were found at Cocoa Beach. Pete Souza/White House/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images. CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) _ The grim work of identifying the remains of some of Challenger's crew continued today while calmer seas allowed a large salvage ship to resume the search for additional body parts and debris from the space shuttle. Challenger, named after an American Naval research vessel that sailed the Atlantic and Pacific oceans during the 1870's, joined NASA's fleet of reusable winged spaceships in July 1982. @media only screen and (max-width : 1025px) { Seven asteroids were named after the crew members: 3350 Scobee, 3351 Smith, 3352 McAuliffe, 3353 Jarvis, 3354 McNair, 3355 Onizuka, and 3356 Resnik. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. Searchers hope to recover from the . bigdaddiproductions.com. NASA Public Affairs Officer Steve Nesbitt was initially unaware of the explosion and continued to read out flight information. [1]:165 In August 1986, President Reagan approved the construction of an orbiter, which would later be named Endeavour, to replace Challenger. The size of the recovery operations increased to 12 aircraft and 8 ships by 7:00p.m. The O-rings were redesignated as Criticality1, removing the "R" to indicate it was no longer considered a redundant system. The group determined that hot gases leaked through a joint in one of the booster rockets shortly after blastoff that ended with the explosion of the shuttle's hydrogen fuel. , [1]:71 It attributed the accident to a faulty design of the field joint that was unacceptably sensitive to changes in temperature, dynamic loading, and the character of its materials. During the development program, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, US House Committee on Science and Technology, Challenger Center for Space Science Education, List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents, "Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident", "24-Hour Delay Called for Shuttle Flight As Wind And Balky Bolt Bar Launching", "Remembering Roger Boisjoly: He Tried To Stop Shuttle Challenger Launch", "Implementation of the Recommendations of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Recommendation VII", "Volume 3, Appendix O: NASA Search, Recovery and Reconstruction Task Force Team Report", "Space Shuttle Challenger Salvage Report", "All Shuttle Crew Remains Recovered, NASA Says", "Shuttle Crew Said to Have Survived Blast", "Shuttle Challenger debris washes up on shore", "Divers discover Challenger space shuttle debris", "Section of destroyed shuttle Challenger found on ocean floor", "NASA Views Images, Confirms Discovery of Shuttle Challenger Artifact", "A piece of the wrecked 1986 Challenger space shuttle was found off Florida's coast", "Long-Missing Space Shuttle Challenger Wreckage Found On Ocean Floor By History Channel Filmmakers, Nasa Confirms", "Artifact from Space Shuttle Challenger found on ocean floor, NASA confirms", "National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific", "Astronaut Buried in Caroline; 35-Year 'Mission' is Complete", "McAuliffe's Grave on a Hillside Overlooks City Where She Taught", "Looking back: Greg Jarvis' dream remembered", "Address to the Nation on the Explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger", "Reagan Pays Tribute to 'Our 7 Challenger Heroes', "White House Finds no Pressure to Launch", "NASA Suggested Reagan Hail Challenger Mission in State of Union", "Address Before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union 1986", "When a national disaster unfolded live in 1986", "Voyage into History; Chapter Six: The Reaction", "The Shuttle Explosion; At Mission Control, Silence and Grief Fill a Day Of Horror Long Dreaded", "How could it happen? NASA ended the shuttle program for good last year, retiring the remaining vessels and instead opting for multimillion-dollar rides on Russian Soyuz capsules to get U.S. astronauts to the International Space Station. [1]:181 After the disaster, a system was implemented to allow the crew to escape in gliding flight, but this system would not have been usable to escape an explosion during ascent. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on March 26, 1986 (M.P.C. The scene was painted on canvas and then applied to the wall. ', Doomed from the start: NASA experts who witnessed the disaster saw things the untrained eye could not. #skenav ul li.current-menu-item > a, [17]:37,42 The solid propellant in the SRBs posed a risk, as it became more volatile after being submerged. [1]:73 The report was critical of NASA and Morton Thiokol, and emphasized that both organizations had overlooked evidence that indicated the potential danger with the SRB field joints. #footer{ border-color: #759e49; } On one level, the search was for the specific cause. [17]:51 During the recovery of the remains of the crew, Jarvis's body floated away and was not located until April15, several weeks after the other remains had been positively identified. 21. Morton Thiokol engineers expressed their concerns about the effect of low temperatures on the resilience of the rubber O-rings. Sep. 12 2022, Published 10:19 p.m. Browse 949 space shuttle challenger stock photos and images available, or search for space shuttle challenger funeral to find more great stock photos and pictures. Space shuttle Columbia crash photo gallery. [71] Darlene Ferrin Zodiac, President Reagan and his aides watching the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion unfold on TV from the White House. Following the successful tests, the RSRM was certified to fly on the Space Shuttle. [62] After the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) concluded that NASA had not effectively set up an independent office for safety oversight. The disastrous launch of the Challenger led to a presidential commission to investigate the cause of the malfunction. [4]:136 The cold temperature in the joint had prevented the O-rings from creating a seal. [13] The PEAPs were not intended for in-flight use, and the astronauts never trained with them for an in-flight emergency. Surface operations recovered debris from the orbiter and ET. In the third minute after liftoff, as people observe the space shuttle Challenger exploding, their faces are filled with horror, shock, and sadness. #skenav .ske-menu #menu-secondary-menu li .sub-menu li { margin: 0; } From Jan. The panel, headed by William P. Rogers, the former Secretary of State, was established by President Reagan to ''take a hard look at the accident, to make a calm and deliberate assessment of the facts and the ways to avoid repetition.'' On first inspection, it was obvious that the shuttle Challengers crew vessel had survived the explosion during ascent. housing authority inspection checklist. Subsequent dives to 560ft (170m) by the NR-1 submarine on April5 and the SEA-LINK I submersible on April12 confirmed that it was the damaged field joint,[17]:42 and it was successfully recovered on April13. The Space shuttle Challenger lifts off on Jan. 28, 1986 over Space Kennedy Center. Four members of the Challenger crew during a mission simulator. After the accident, Boisjoly testified to a presidential commission investigating the Challenger accident.. [note 1] In response to Covey, Scobee said, "Roger, go at throttle up"; this was the last communication from Challenger on the air-to-ground loop. An investigation into the explosion found that it had been caused by a problem with the shuttle's O-rings, the rubber seals that lined parts of the rocket boosters. I think it was a very difficult and emotional job for the recovery crew, and they wouldnt be eager to share any of that with the world. Challenger Disaster Body Remains. Photo12/UIG/Getty ImagesFragments of the shuttle are recovered off the coast of Florida. Organize, control, distribute and measure all of your digital content. [17]:24 The sonar operations discovered 881 potential locations for debris, of which 187 pieces were later confirmed to be from the orbiter. The shuttle program was in full swing in the mid-1980s, and NASA's latest mission appeared to be off to a fine start. McAuliffe was 37 years old when she died aboard the space shuttle. [34][35] McAuliffe was buried at Calvary Cemetery in Concord, New Hampshire. margin-bottom: 3px; The committee's report further emphasized safety considerations of other components and recommended a risk management review for all critical systems. NASA said the contractor recommended going ahead. .clients-items li a:hover{border-bottom-color:#759e49;} [4]:105106 Morton Thiokol employees Robert Lund, the Vice President of Engineering, and Joe Kilminster, the Vice President of the Space Booster Programs, recommended against launching until the temperature was above 53F (12C). challenger astronaut autopsy photos Target Solutions Login, Huatulco Airport Covid, How To Respond To Being Shortlisted, Describe The Sequence Of Recording Dental Treatment And Services, Kai Westerwelle Lebenspartner, What Is Maguire Disease Definition, Declan Kearney Wife, Legendary Assassins In Mythology, 0 View. [98], The first episode of the Australian television drama The Newsreader, broadcast on August 15, 2021, depicts the disaster from the perspective of the television industry, specifically the journalists and crew within, and of, an Australian television newsroom at the time; a co-lead character's hosting of a newsflash weaving in with an overarching background storyline about the shift in news presentation from serious to that of allowing emotion into its delivery. box-shadow: none !important; This photo provided by NASA shows the crew Challenger astronauts Ellison Onizuka (top row, from left), Christa McAuliffe, Gregory Jarvis, Judith Resnik, Michael J. Smith (bottom row, from left), Francis R. (Dick) Scobee and Ronald E. McNair. [1]:10 The mission was scheduled to launch on January22, but was delayed until January 28. The vehicles were dispatched to investigate potential debris located during the search phase. At T+89, after video of the explosion was seen in Mission Control, the Ground Control Officer reported "negative contact (and) loss of downlink" as they were no longer receiving transmissions from Challenger. Each field joint was sealed with two rubber O-rings around the circumference of the SRB and had a cross-section diameter of 0.280 inches (7.1mm). #skenav ul li.current_page_item > a, [3]:II-289 NASA retrieval teams recovered the SRBs and returned them to the Kennedy Space Center, where they were disassembled and their components were reused on future flights. 26 never-seen-before images have now been found, capturing the horror of the worst space shuttle disaster in American history. font-weight: normal; As the colder temperatures lowered the elasticity of the rubber O-rings, the engineers feared that the O-rings would not be extruded to form a seal at the time of launch. [1]:97,109 Lawrence Mulloy, the NASA SRB project manager,[4]:3 called Arnold Aldrich, the NASA Mission Management Team Leader, to discuss the launch decision and weather concerns, but did not mention the O-ring discussion; the two agreed to proceed with the launch. "Reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled," wrote physicist Richard Feynman in his assessment of the tragedy which he believes was a result of neglicence by NASA. Front row from left are Michael J. Smith, Francis R. (Dick) Scobee and Ronald E. McNair. The panel's members addressed officials of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration with respect, but quickly asserted their independence with pointed questions about pre-launching procedures and conditions and about some of the shuttle's suspect systems. WebJan. In newspaper accounts, Morton Thiokol Inc., the rocket manufacturer, was quoted as saying that the solid-fuel boosters were designed to tolerate temperatures as low as 40 degrees, but no lower. Jesse W. Moore, NASA's shuttle chief, said he was unaware of such discussions. Challenger was one of NASA's greatest successes - but also one of its darkest legacies. When Challenger broke up, it was traveling at 1.9 times the speed of sound at an altitude of 48,000 feet. His friend was the one who took these shots. Launch escape systems had been considered during development, but NASA's conclusion was that the Space Shuttle's expected high reliability would preclude the need for one. Our final conclusions are: Pressurization could have enabled consciousness for the entire fall until impact. "> On the morning of January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger lifted off from Florida's Kennedy Space Center. Although there was no damage to the secondary O-ring, this indicated that the primary O-ring was not creating a reliable seal and was allowing hot gas to pass. [73] The Soviet Union named two craters on Venus after McAuliffe and Resnik. It resulted in a nearly three-year lapse in NASA's shuttle program, with the next shuttle, Discovery, taking off on September 29, 1988. [1]:87[4]:96 Based upon O-ring erosion that had occurred in warmer launches, Morton Thiokol engineers were concerned over the effect the record-cold temperatures would have on the seal provided by the SRB O-rings for the launch. This extrusion was judged to be acceptable by NASA and Morton Thiokol despite concerns of NASA's engineers. Such questions have not yet been answered. The seven astronauts killed in the 1986 Challenger shuttle disaster are remembered in a ceremony at the Space Mirror Memorial, commemorating the 35th anniversary of the disaster, at Kennedy Space . [4]:142 The Space Shuttle main engines (SSMEs) were throttled down as scheduled for maximum dynamic pressure (max q). [22] On November 10, 2022, NASA announced that a 20-foot piece of the shuttle had been found near the site of a destroyed World War II-era aircraft off the coast of Florida. 10550). The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster was a fatal accident in the United States space program that occurred on January 28, 1986, when the Space Shuttle Challenger (OV-099) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the death of all seven crew members aboard; it was the first fatal accident involving an American spacecraft in flight. Recovered off the coast of Florida christa McAuliffe, one of its darkest legacies accept... The effect of low temperatures on the communication channels the mid-1980s, was... Named two craters on Venus after McAuliffe and Resnik on Jan. 28, 1986 the... Was in full swing in the waters off Florida in February 1986 off the coast of Florida for in-flight,. 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