coal miners' strike 1984

I am not prepared quietly to accept the destruction of the coal industry, nor am I willing to see our social services decimated. But the mine is not forgotten. Why did the government believe a pit closure programme was essential? "Solidarity and Sexuality: Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners 19845. Dominic Sandbrook is a historian and television presenter best-known for his books about Britain since the 1950s. [19]:6 Large-scale closures of collieries occurred in the 1960s, which led to migration of miners from the run-down coalfields (Scotland, Wales, Lancashire, the north-east of England) to Yorkshire and the Midlands coalfields. ", Allen, V. L. "The year-long miners' strike, March 1984 March 1985: a memoir. Few major trade unions supported the NUM, primarily because of the absence of a vote at national level. Here, historian Dominic Sandbrook revisits the longest and most acrimonious industrial dispute in Britains modern history: the miners strike of 198485. "If there was to be a strike," Moore writes, the government decided "it should begin in the spring and be over pit closures . During the strike women came into their own, as we have seen, organising and staffing support groups, setting up soup kitchens, packing food parcels, raising funds, speaking in public, even joining picket lines. [18]:220, Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners held "Pits and Perverts" concerts to raise money which led the NUM to become supportive of gay rights in subsequent years. So right from the start, the dispute was marked by intense bitterness and violent confrontations between striking and working miners. Director Hayao Miyazaki was visiting Wales at the time, and was impressed by the way the Welsh miners fought to save their way of life, and their sense of community. Flashcards. Cabinet papers released in 2014 indicate that MacGregor wished to close 75 pits over a three-year period. [130] After winning an award at an Italian film festival, it was broadcast on Channel 4 on 9 January 1985. [18]:251252 However, Maxwell insisted that Scargill should condemn the violence directed against strike-breakers, which he was unwilling to do. From these interviews I shall be selecting about fifty for extensive use in the book. Miners' leader Arthur Scargill says the campaign against job losses will continue - but miners will return to work on Tuesday. The Miners Strike of 1984 was a turning point in British history. [108] The strike emboldened the NCB to accelerate the closure of pits on economic grounds. Many communities in Northern England, Scotland and Wales would lose their primary source of employment. Police Clashing with Miners During the 1984 Strike. [18]:228 Some groups prioritised aid to pits in South Wales, as they felt that Scargill was distributing donations to his most favoured pits in Kent and Yorkshire. As much as they were producers, the quintessential homo faber, above ground miners were also fighters. The violence was costing the NUM public support in the country as a whole, as a Gallup poll showed 79% disapproval of NUM methods. Miners at Manton had overwhelmingly voted against the strike, but police had advised that their safety could not be guaranteed. They attempted to stop pickets travelling from Yorkshire to Nottinghamshire which led to many protests. Miners lived scattered across a wide radius and this clearly diminished camaraderie and solidarity. language, region) are saved. This website uses cookies to improve your browsing experience, We use aggregate data to report to our funders, the Arts Council England, about visitor numbers and pageviews. In 1984, a conservative . [17]:99115. But as the dispute went on, she became ever more outspoken, even describing the miners leaders as Britains enemy within. [124], In 2021 Peter Fahy, the former chief constable of Greater Manchester Police, argued the policing of the strike was politically motivated and "took policing a long time to recover" from, and warned that the proposed Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill risked drawing policing into politics once more.[125]. By entering your details, you are agreeing to our terms and conditions and privacy policy. Very quickly, therefore, the strike became a trial of strength between two exceptionally abrasive public figures. started mandatory collections in 1984 . The NUM's rules permitted areas to take official strike action if authorised by our national executive committee in accordance with Rule 41. [20]:37 Instances of violence directed against working miners were reported from the start. You can adjust your preferences at any time. The accelerated contraction imposed by Thatcher after 1979 was strenuously opposed by the unions. Which Side Are You On? That way, he would still get a strike without having to run the risk of a national ballot. [19]:117 In Leicestershire, scab was chanted by the working majority against the few who went on strike, on the grounds that they had betrayed their area's union. Bullcliffe Wood had been under threat, but Cortonwood had been considered safe. How many jobs were lost in the miners strike 1984? [18]:12 The only nationally coordinated actions in the 19841985 strike were the mass pickets at Orgreave. In March 1984 more than 187,000 miners came out on strike when the National Coal Board announced that 20 pits in England would have to close with the loss of 20,000 jobs. But in Nottinghamshire, the majority of. The NUM President, Arthur Scargill, made the strike official across Britain on 12 March 1984, but the lack of a national ballot beforehand caused controversy. Miner's Strike 1984-85. [18]:228[77], Media reports alleged that senior NUM officials were personally keeping some of the funds. They became travelling miners, living in villages which had a large proportion of miners but transported to the pit by bus or increasingly driving their own cars. Created by. The biggest rail strike in 30 years is causing severe disruption to passengers this week, with the walkout of at least 40,000 members of the Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) union. [19]:214 When questioned by the media, Scargill refused to condemn the violence, which he attributed to the hardship and frustration of pickets,[19]:155 with the one exception being the killing of David Wilkie. [20]:37 Strikes in the British coal industry had a history of violence, but the 19841985 strike exceeded even the 1926 strike in the levels of violence. -in response to an announcemen, (Preparations for the strike) how did the government prepare before taking on the coal miners? [18]:11, The NUM had a decentralised regional structure and certain regions were seen as more militant than others. [48]:217, The NCB was accused of deserting the strikebreakers, as abuse, threats and assaults continued, and requests for transfers to other pits were declined. Three times Scargill pushed his members to vote for a national strike; three times they voted no. In the former the Swansea, Dulais and Neath Valleys flowed south and west to the coast at Swansea and Neath. As young Billy studies ballet, despite the objections of his dad and the derision of his community, the mining town in which he lives experiences relentless hardship and despair. [96] The ISTC donated food parcels and toys during the summer, but gave no money as they did not want to be accused of financing the aggressive picketing. [49], The strike was almost universally observed in South Wales, Yorkshire, Scotland, North East England and Kent, but there was less support across the Midlands and in North Wales. [19]:70 Sir Michael Havers initially denied the application outright, but Mr Justice Skinner later ruled that the power may only be used if the anticipated breach of the peace were "in close proximity both in time and place". 160 000 coal miners took up the fight and became part of a battle that . British Steel was planning to close a steel plant and steel workers feared that support for the strikers might make closure more likely. In March 1983, he stated "The policies of this government are clear to destroy the coal industry and the NUM". In other cases, particularly in the Midlands, the mining village scarcely existed. [48]:111 Tony Benn was vocal in support of Scargill's leadership during the strike. [37] Cases from 1984 where lodges voted separately (as in South Wales and Scotland) are not shown. [33]:358 When asked in a Gallup poll in July 1984 whether their sympathies lay mainly with the employers or the miners, 40% said employers; 33% were for the miners; 19% were for neither and 8% did not know. Sting recorded a song about the strike called "We Work the Black Seam" for his first solo album, The Dream of the Blue Turtles, in 1985. [56] Kent NUM leader Jack Collins said after the decision to go back without any agreement of amnesty for the sacked men, "The people who have decided to go back to work and leave men on the sidelines are traitors to the trade-union movement. In particular, the miners supporters were outraged by the so-called Battle of Orgreave in June 1984, when mounted policemen charged pickets outside a South Yorkshire coking plant an event that has gone down in political folklore. A wider context needs to be adopted in which the mining villages provide the foci but across which the connections are often much wider. The miners' strike of 1984-1985 was one of the most bitter industrial disputes Britain has ever seen. It led to an escalation of tension, and riots in Easington in Durham[19]:203204 and Brampton Bierlow in Yorkshire. She denied the agency had informers in the NUM, specifically denying its chief executive Roger Windsor had been an agent. She was one of the most influential figures of the past century, and one of the most powerful women in history. The miners' strike of 1984-1985 was a major industrial action which saw the British coal industry shut down. [48]:234, The TUC neither recognised nor condemned the new union. They set up support groups to run soup kitchens and put together food parcels for striking miners families, raising money from local pubs and clubs and then further afield, nationally and later internationally. [97], In the early weeks of the strike, the media reported that miners' wives in Nottinghamshire were encouraging their husbands to defy the flying pickets and were against the strike. Why did the Miners go on Strike? He remained there on and off until it ended in March 1985, photographing from behind the lines a community rallying together against implacable opposition. Onllwyn stood at the intersection between Welsh Wales, farming, rural and Welsh-speaking and American Wales, industrial, urbanised and English-speaking. It may serve to persuade the committee to take one action or another, or to refrain from action, but it has no great force or significance. Numerous scholars have concluded that Scargill's decisive tactical error was to substitute his famous flying picket for the holding of a national strike ballot. These will bring together those former miners and their support groups who fought for their jobs in the late 1970s and early eighties, culminating in the Great Miners' Strike of 1984/85. Following the Coal Miners. Opposition to the strike It was led by Arthur Scargill of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) against the National Coal Board (NCB), a government agency. On 12 March 1984, Arthur Scargill, president of the NUM, declared that the strikes in the various coal fields were to be a national strike and called for strike action from NUM members in all coal fields. Violence Scabs Workers who do not go on strike with their colleagues. But the pits in these areas closed in the 1960s and 1970s so that miners travelled from here to the surviving pits on the coast, some of which actually tunnelled under the sea, at Seaham, Easington and Horden. On 5 March 2010, the 25th anniversary of the strike, an artwork by visual artist Dan Savage was unveiled in Sunderland Civic Centre. McGahey claimed the leadership was becoming separated from its membership, the violence had gone too far and argued for reconciliation with the UDM. "[19]:254 The Kent NUM continued picketing across the country, delaying the return to work at many pits for two weeks. Not long into the strike the slogan was invented, close a pit, kill a community. The strike was ruled illegal in September 1984, as no national ballot of NUM members had been held. Here, historian Dominic Sandbrook revisits the longest and most acrimonious industrial dispute in Britain's modern history: the miners' strike of 1984-85 By [19]:254, The role of ballots in NUM policy had been disputed over a number of years, and a series of legal disputes in 1977 left their status unclear. ", Campbell, Adrian, and Malcolm Warner. Arthur Scargill led a procession accompanied by a Scots piper, back to work at Barrow Colliery in Worsborough but then it was stopped by a picket of Kent miners. In March 1984 the NCB announced it would abandon Yorkshire Main Colliery after a deputy engineer suffered a split chin from being stoned and administrative staff had to be escorted out by the police. [60][48]:71 NUM leaders in Lancashire argued that, as 41% had voted in favour of a strike, all its members should strike "in order to maintain unity". [22]:96, Nottinghamshire NUM executive Henry Richardson argued that the Nottinghamshire miners would have probably voted for strike had they not been subjected to so much intimidation within days of the walk-out in Yorkshire, which prompted many to defy the Yorkshire pickets as a matter of principle. [140], The verse novel Hope Now by A. L. Richards, published 2013 by Landfox Press, is set in the South Wales Valleys and is based on events during the strike. Dick Gaughan released a mixture of old and new songs on his LP True and Bold. A documentary about the re-enactment was produced by Deller and director Mike Figgis and was broadcast on British television; and Deller published a book called The English Civil War Part II documenting both the project and the historical events it investigates.[142]. [2] The journalist Seumas Milne said of the strike, "it has no real parallel in size, duration and impact anywhere in the world". The video looks at the UK coal miners strike which took place between 1984-85. [90], Two pickets, David Jones and Joe Green, were killed in separate incidents,[91] and three teenagers (Darren Holmes, aged 15, and Paul Holmes and Paul Womersley, both aged 14) died picking coal from a colliery waste heap in the winter. "During the strike, the one area they couldn't touch was Scotland. In 1984 the National Coal Board announced that 20 coal mines would close. Camaraderie was a watchword: they looked out for each other in the dangerous work below; their lives depended on it. This law proved to be a highly effective aspect of the government's handling of the 1984/5 strike as it made life extremely difficult for the miners and their families, contributing to the eventual return to work. [18]:101 Many families in South Yorkshire complained that the police were abusive and damaged property needlessly whilst pursuing pickets. Answer (1 of 12): It usually means a strikebreaker. The miners from Bentley went out on strike during the 1984-1985 Miners' Strike . This was something which became clearer still in the last three months of the strike with the number of North Yorkshire miners drifting back to work. [104], Former party leader and prime minister James Callaghan said that a ballot was needed to decide when to end the strike and return to work. Scargill states: "Our special conference was held on 19 April. Since Scargill had been so public about his enthusiasm for confrontation, ministers had been building up coal stocks for years. You oppose it". On 19 July 1984, Thatcher said in the House of Commons that giving in to the miners would be surrendering the rule of parliamentary democracy to the rule of the mob. The worst insults were used against strike-breakers blacklegs, scabs and at the limit violence was used against them. When asked the same question in August 1984, 9% said responsible; 84% said irresponsible and 7% did not know.[73]. [2], After the 1980 steel strike, many hauliers blacklisted drivers who refused to cross picket lines to prevent them obtaining work, and so more drivers crossed picket lines in 19841985 than in previous disputes. [18]:276 Unlike Nottinghamshire, the leadership in Leicestershire never attempted to enforce the strike,[18]:276 and an official, Jack Jones, had publicly criticised Scargill. The strike started in Yorkshire, and he was not present at the delegate Council meeting in Barnsley. Miners left their pits to fight the attempt of the Thatcher government to close the collieries, break the miners' union and the labour movement in general, and open the way to a free market economy in which deregulated financial capitalism would be set free by the Big Bang of 1986. Whatever people thought of the issues at stake, millions were appalled by the scenes of open fighting between pickets and police, which became emblematic of the conflicted, confrontational 1980s. [18]:171172, In the aftermath of the strike, miners were offered large redundancy payments in ballots organised by the NCB and the offers were accepted even at the most militant pits. [18]:98 Jonathan and Ruth Winterton have suggested that the greater success of picketing in Lancashire, a region with little tradition of mining militancy but where the majority of its miners were on strike for the majority of the 198485 national strike, might be ascribed to the more diplomatic tactics of the North Yorkshire NUM pickets that went to Lancashire, and to the North Yorkshire NUM officials who worked with the Lancashire NUM to coordinate more respectful picketing, in contrast to the aggressive tactics adopted by South Yorkshire pickets in Nottinghamshire. [39]:99100 Success was achieved at the expense of halving the workforce in two years and he had overseen a 14-week national strike in 1980. [31] After the election, Scargill called for extra-parliamentary action against the Conservative government in a speech to the NUM conference in Perth on 4 July 1983: "A fight back against this Government's policies will inevitably take place outside rather than inside Parliament. [46] Meanwhile, the Thatcher government had prepared against a repeat of the effective 1974 industrial action by stockpiling coal, converting some power stations to burn heavy fuel oil, and recruiting fleets of road hauliers to transport coal in case sympathetic railwaymen went on strike to support the miners. why British coal miners went on strike and what they achieved. Updated 04:35, 29 MAR 2013. [48]:227, The number of strikebreakers, sometimes referred to perjoratively as scabs, increased from the start of January, as the strikers struggled to pay for food as union pay ran out. He had turned the British Steel Corporation from one of the least efficient steel-makers in Europe to one of the most efficient, bringing the company into near profit. [18]:99, Policing was extensive from the start, a policy to avoid the problems of 1972, when the police were overwhelmed by the number of pickets at the Battle of Saltley Gate. [105][106], The NUM had a "Triple Alliance" with the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (ISTC) and the railway unions. Livingstone, Ken (2011). Financially the strike was disastrous for those involved. Desperate to preserve their jobs and communities, which often depended entirely on the local pit, the Yorkshire miners walked out, as did their Scottish counterparts. A major campaign was ready to go for a "Yes" vote in a national strike ballot. [115][116], A murder in Annesley, Nottinghamshire in 2004 was the result of an argument between former members of the NUM and UDM, indicating continued tensions. Brief History of Policing in Great Britain, Brief History of the Association of Chief Police Officers. Paul Routledge, "Pit leaders seek backing for big pay increases", Jim Phillips, "Containing, Isolating, and Defeating the Miners: The UK Cabinet Ministerial Group on Coal and the Three Phases of the 198485 Strike. It used the National Recording Centre (NRC), set up in 1972 by the Association of Chief Police Officers for England and Wales linking 43 police forces to enable police forces to travel to assist in major disturbances. In many former mining areas antipathy towards the police remained strong for many years. The film refers to the strike and some of the dialogue contrasts the resistance in 1984 with the resignation with which most miners responded to the pit closures of the early 1990s. [8] It ended on 3 March 1985. Val McDermid's novel A Darker Domain (2008) has a plotline set in the strike. The songs of the South Wales Striking Miners' Choir and the speeches of Kent miner Alan Sutcliffe are included on their 1985 album Shoulder to Shoulder. The Kent area's effective fundraising from sympathisers in London and in continental Europe was resented by other areas. [18]:136 In contrast, Scargill demanded that steel workers not cross miners' picket lines and only work to keep furnaces in order. Strike-breakers in the militant areas were not easily forgiven for breaking the strike and going against the community. The Kent miners were successful in raising funds from sympathetic socialists in London and from trade unions in continental Europe, which allowed the Kent strikers to maintain a higher standard of living that those in other parts of Britain and generated some resentment. In the post-war consensus, policy allowed for closures only where agreed to by the workers, who in turn received guaranteed economic security. Strike 82 % did not know others found him frankly scary about possible closures in miners Was for `` assault, false imprisonment and malicious prosecution ''. 65. Not paid found that the police provided protection for working miners, was `` Female involvement in the strike, Norman Willis took over from Murray General. 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