. If omotrophy is the growth of the shoulder, then the growth of the chest is _______________________________________________________ 18. tic from context) blurgs 67 blurgotropism the tendency to preferentially affect blurgs 68 blurgophage something which ingests the blurg 69 blurgotome an instrument for cutting blurg 70 blurgectome an instrument for cutting out a blurg blurgostome an instrument for making an opening in blurg 71 blurgoscope an instrument for examining the blurg 72 blurgoclast something which breaks the blurg 73 blurgostat something which stops blurg 74 & 20 blurgopathogens substances which produce diseases of blurgs Answer Keys: 2.2 183 75 blurgopaths ones with a disease of blurg 76 blurgographs instruments for recording blurgs 77 blurgograms records of blurgs 78 blurgometers instruments for measuring the blurg Review blurgotogen a substance which produces an abnormal condition involving blurg blurgiatrogens substances which produce the healing of blurgs 79 & 32 blurgonecrotogenic blurgoses abnormal conditions involving blurgs, producing the death of blurgs 80 & 52 blurgiatrogenous produced by the healing of blurgs 81 blurgotropic preferentially affecting blurgs 8285 blurgus, blurga, blurgum, a blurg blurgon 86 blurgeous 2.1 1. omphalotherapy = umbilotherapy, umbilicotherapy 6. chiratrophy = cheiratrophy 2. somometrics = somatometrics 8. epidermolytic = epidermatolytic 3. pedogram = podogram 9. omodynia = omalgia 4. gonoplasty = gonyoplasty 10. cytoplasia = cytopoiesis 5. stethoscopic = thoracoscopic 7. prosopogram = faciogram 2.2 1. the displacement of cells = cytectopia 2. the ingestion of a digit = dactylophagy 7. the inflammation of the skin = dermatitis; dermitis 3. the distention of the eyelid = blepharectasia 8. the narrowing of the face = prosopostenosis; faciostenosis 4. the defective growth of the body = somatodystrophy; somodystrophy 9. the stopping of the hand = chirostasis; cheirostasis 5. the healing of the head = cephaliatry 10. the swelling of an arm = brachiedema 6. the production of the nose = rhinogenesis 184 Answer Keys: 2.3 2.3 1. the arteries e. something below the cecum, p.t. . typhl/o/sten/os/is the narrowing of the 36a. . the movement of air = aerokinetic 7. the science of the production of starch = amylogenetics 3. the defective formation of wax = cerodysplasia; ceruminodysplasia 8. p.t. myel/o/pleg/ia the paralysis of something involving the spinal cord 18d. frontomaxillary__________________________________________________________________ 1b. cardiopericarditis________________________________________________________________ 8e. the arm and p.t. the brain, involving the lungs 248 Appendix: Sample Exams 37. thrombocytemia brachiocephalica a. an abnormal condition involving platelets in the blood, p.t. . distobuccal (and buccodistal) mesiobuccal (and buccomesial) distolingual (and linguodistal) mesiolingual (and linguomesial) distolabial mesiolabial disto-occlusal mesio-occlusal Study the following examples, and satisfy yourself that they conform to the rules given above. peri/ton/e/alg/ia pain in the peritoneum 10d. the pubis Answer Keys: 3.6 189 3.5 1. chondromalacia cystica = the softening of cartilage, p.t. a little acid (slightly acidic) 25b. NOTES DUCTS You would expect hepaticotomy to mean the cutting of something pertaining to the liver, and at a very literal level of translation this would be a correct definition. acid/o/gen/ic producing acid 25a. alcoholo/lys/is the disintegration of alcohol 21b. 5. hemat(o)-encephal-on a bloodbrain (very preliminary answer) not a brain of blood not the part of the brain involving blood (which part doesnt?) cardiocirrhosis__________________________________________________________________ 21a. 1400 onwards, one result of the Renaissance has been continuous and large-scale borrowing into English of Greek and Latin words used in the classical periods of these languages (ca. cystauxe_______________________________________________________________________ 15c. sleep e. one who specializes in drugs, involving an abnormal condition involving sleep 34. entoscheorchiorrhaphy a. the suturing of the testes, inside the scrotum b. the suturing of the testes, involving something inside the scrotum c. the suturing of the testes, scrotum, and intestine d. the suturing of the inside of the scrotum, involving the testes e. the suturing of the testes, scrotum, involving the intestine 35. hyoepiglottic a. p.t. periodontoclasis________________________________________________________________ 21a. The science of the shape and structure of organisms and their parts. . mesi/o/gingiv/al p.t. the middle ear and pharynx 8. arthritis mycotica = the inflammation of the joints, p.t. . hepat/o/tox/ic/ity the ability to poison the liver 15a. . . 1. pododactylitis_____________________________________________________ 2. brachiometry______________________________________________________ 3. ophthalmograph___________________________________________________ 4. ophthalmogram___________________________________________________ 5. ophthalmography__________________________________________________ 6. cytogenesis________________________________________________________ 7. cytogenetic________________________________________________________ 8. dermatomegaly____________________________________________________ 9. dermatomegalic___________________________________________________ 10. cephalocentesis____________________________________________________ 11. cephalocentetic____________________________________________________ 12. cytoscopy__________________________________________________________ 13. cytoscopics________________________________________________________ 14. arthrolith__________________________________________________________ 15. arthrolithiasis_____________________________________________________ Chapter 4: Nervous System; Eye and Ear 83 16. anconospasm______________________________________________________ 17. anconospastic_____________________________________________________ 18. trichopathy________________________________________________________ 19. trichopathic_______________________________________________________ 20. trichopathologist___________________________________________________ 21. brachiokinesis_____________________________________________________ 22. brachiokinetic_____________________________________________________ 23. brachiokinetics____________________________________________________ 24. cytophagometric___________________________________________________ ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS 1. podo-dactyl-it-is the inflammation of a digit of the foot If your patient presented you with an inflamed toe, you could certainly touch that toe. nerv/us ophthalm/ic/us a nerve p.t. pepstatin_______________________________________________________________________ 47b. knee bones the bones of the knee(s) or the bones p.t. col/o/hepat/o/pex/y the fixation of the 34c. exostosis cartilaginea____________________________________________________________ 12a. pharmacokinetics_______________________________________________________________ 10c. 4. hemoglobinolysis (diagnostic)_____________________________________________________ 4a. en/cephal/o/clast/ic p.t. Prepositional prefixes generally have adjectival force. thoracotomy____________________________________________________________________ 26a. sinus/oid resembling a sinus 10a. toxemic________________________________________________________________________ 53b. . septectomy______________________________________________________________________ 4b. valvula lymphatica______________________________________________________________ 10c. . Common Shortcomings of Medical Terminology Textbooks iii. the lacrimal and ethmoid bone = ethmoidolacrimal; ethmolacrimal adenocirrhotic; glandulocirrhotic 9. the enlargement of the heart = cardiauxis; cardauxis 5. p.t. iod/o/ventr/i/cul/o/graph/y the recording of a ventricle, involving iodine 57c. ganglioplegic____________________________________________________________________ 10a. If that idea is too complex, a simple and helpful rule covering many (but not all) cases is that -ot- is guaranteed to mean ear only when it comes first in its word. NOTES SUBSTANCES Review the Note on Substances in Chapter 5; the formulas given there apply also to the substance air. This occasionally results in apparent over-simplification, as, for example, when the combining form malle-o is defined as hammer rather than as malleus. The advantage in such concretization is that the student has the readily available mental image of a mallet to help in learning and remembering the word as well as the ensuing ability to define the same root in a totally different context (in the words malleable and malleolus, for example). lymphedema___________________________________________________________________ 22e. the teeth and the maxilla 2. maxillo-zygomat-ic p.t. . incudostapedial_________________________________________________________________ 38. stapediotenotomy _______________________________________________________________ 39a. Thus common sense will tell you that, for example, hemat-o-plast-ic is pertaining to the formation [plas-ia] of blood and not pertaining to the surgical repairing [plast-y] of blood. Notice the translations of the following terms, in which additions must be made for the sake of sense. Also, be sure to download our ebook for more detailed tables on medical terminology. the ciliary bodies d. a substance of bone, involving something p.t. The translations you generate by omitting or confusing the little words are not even close, since they both denote physical objects (a cut, or one of several cuttings) rather than an abstract process (the surgical operation called x-otomy). calcipyelitis_____________________________________________________________________ 60a. hemorrhagic thrombocythemia____________________________________________________ 7a. . . . [emailprotected] Those created by medical specialists, on the other hand, tend to suffer from the opposite problem: by concentrating exclusively on contemporary usage, they pay too little attention to etymological features of compounding which Introduction 5 simplify the learning of Medical Terminology. . 2. facio-cephal-alg-ia not pain in the head of the face (Plan A) pain in the head, involving the face (If Plan B works, go with it; its probably the correct answer) (probably) not pain in the head and face (Plan C) For podocheiredema Plan A would suggest the swelling of the hand of the foot, which is clearly wrong; but Plan B, the swelling of the hand, involving the foot, doesnt sound much better. urelcosis________________________________________________________________________ 5d. NOMINA ANATOMICA The Notes on the Nomina Anatomica in Chapter 3 should be reviewed. The word as-similate, meaning make similar to, is itself a good example of the process, for it is formed by adding the prefix ad- to the base simil-. Assimilation is rare in the kind of Medical Terminology presented in this book, because the combining forms involved were usually borrowed directly from Greek and Latin and therefore have undergone little phonetic change. . the brain e. p.t. parietosphenoid _________________________________________________________________ 2b. Again, the idea in primitive magic that learning the name of something gives one power over it persists, I believe, in contemporary conventions regarding last and first names and particularly in our almost universal reluctance to acknowledge our middle, or secret, names, except to intimates. mast/oid/o/tympan/ec/tom/y the 11a. . the displacement of something behind the hepatic duct b. p.t. ov/ar/i/o/rrhex/is the rupturing of an ovary 44b. . If zygomaticoclasis is the breaking of the zygomatic bone, then the breaking of the parietal bone is _______________________________________________ 15. the tibia and talus 29c. 1. cephalotomy_______________________________________________________ 2. cephalic___________________________________________________________ 3. cephalicotomy_____________________________________________________ 4. galacticoschisis (galact- = milk)______________________________________ 5. dermotome________________________________________________________ 6. dermalotome______________________________________________________ 7. brachioid__________________________________________________________ 8. brachialoid________________________________________________________ 9. cervicosis__________________________________________________________ 10. cervicalosis________________________________________________________ 11. onychalgia_________________________________________________________ 100 Chapter 5: Circulatory & Lymphatic Systems; Glands 12. onychalalgia_______________________________________________________ 13. mammorrhea______________________________________________________ 14. mammalorrhea____________________________________________________ 15. cytotropism_______________________________________________________ 16. cyticotropism______________________________________________________ 17. dermatogenous____________________________________________________ 18. dermaticogenous__________________________________________________ (If you are a little confused, study through the answers up to this point before continuing.) . . Anatomy forms the basis for the practice of medicine. . cerebrostomy____________________________________________________________________ 3a. sangu/in/o/poi/et/ic p.t. nosotropic______________________________________________________________________ 15a. Try the following words. Thus languages diversify as they change, and new languages are born. English, for example, began as a dialect of Old Germanic; when its speakers (the so-called Angles, Saxons and Jutes) had lived in comparative isolation in Britain long enough (from about 400 to 600 A.D.) for the dialect to be partly incomprehensible to their mainland cousins, we can say that English began to emerge as a separate language. nasoantrostomy__________________________________________________________________ 3a. the stopping of bile 4. arthritis enteropathica = the inflammation of the joints, p.t. the temporal bone 5. arthropathia neuropathica = a disease of the joints, p.t. 2. If peripneumal is surrounding the lungs, then surrounding the radius is _______________________________________________________ 9. ptyalectasis_____________________________________________________________________ 36a. If cephaledema is the swelling of the head, then the swelling of the limbs is_______________________________________________________ 2. Anatomical Terminology - Los Angeles Mission College - Home the face 7. cartilago sacralis = the cartilage p.t. . desmorrhexis __________________________________________________________________ 47a. 1. ganglia thoracalia_________________________________________________________________ 2. os nasale _________________________________________________________________________ 3. glandulae linguales________________________________________________________________ 4. venae maxillares__________________________________________________________________ 5. arteria buccalis____________________________________________________________________ 6. valvula venosa____________________________________________________________________ 7. venae pulmonales_________________________________________________________________ Exercises for Chapter 7 91 8. musculus buccopharyngeus________________________________________________________ 9. os odontoideum___________________________________________________________________ 10. sinus maxillaris__________________________________________________________________ 7.5 LATIN PHRASES NAMING MEDICAL PROBLEMS Divide and define the following Latin phrases. an/the arm(s) 180 Chapter 10: Uro-Genital Systems 6. muscul-ar brachio-dysplasia the defective formation of the arm(s), p.t. If theletrophy is the growth of a nipple, then the growth of the neck is trachelotrophy or cervicotrophy. Groups of people, originally speaking the same language, will if they live separately over a few generations be unable to understand each other. . 16. a disease of the shoulder (omopathy) or p.t. or formed by the buccal and mesial walls of a tooth cavity COMMON SENSE The termination x-it-is (1.14) is occasionally found in the plural. . vas/o/vas/o/stom/y the making of an 35a. the nerves b. p.t. oxymyohematin_________________________________________________________________ 71b. . sarcomatosis_____________________________________________________________________ 5b. porphyrinopathy________________________________________________________________ 44a. ser-o-x-itis the inflammation of the serous coat of x COMMON SENSE Hyal-o (57) and vitr(e)-o(58) must often be translated as something resembling glass, as in the following examples. gastr/o/jejun/o/stom/y the making of an opening between the jejunum and stomach, or an opening made between the jejunum and stomach 4c. crystalloid______________________________________________________________________ 56b. . . an egg of an opening (or an opening made) 34b. pros/op/o/spasm a spasm of the face the chest 16a. odont/o/lith/ias/is the abnormal presence of calculi involving teeth 10c. my/o/phag/e something which ingests muscle 37b. the production of tears = dacryogenetic; 4. one who examines the ciliary body = ciliaroscopist; cilioscopist; cycloscopist lacrimogenetic 9. p.t. cirsenchysis____________________________________________________________________ 30a. thyr/oid/ism a condition caused by the malfunction of the thyroid gland 30a. . urethr/o/tom/e an instrument for 13a. SINGULAR COMBINING FORM PLURAL aorta (5.9) aort-o, aort-ic-o aort-ae The information given at 21-5 above, and in the preceding Notes, can be presented in terms of the following rules, which apply to both nouns and adjectives. . The English word bloodblister may serve as a productive example here: there is nothing abstract about it poke a bloodblister and (like any blister) it might dramatically explode; you can certainly squeeze it. the arms 9. brachio-dysplasia muscul-aris the defective formation of the arms, p.t. Our complete medical terminology list will help you learn some of the most common anatomical and surgical terms by looking at prefixes, suffixes, and roots. arteri/a brachi/al/is an artery p.t. . Since the islets of Langerhans are rarely, if ever, referred to individually, insulae (39) is actually a nominative plural (the forms of which are presented in Chapter 6). . thel/e/plast/y the surgical repairing of a nipple 29b. an arm 9. cervic-osis an abnormal condition involving the neck 10. cervic-al-osis an abnormal condition involving something p.t. 15. In this book, however, the distinction is observed throughout. . If postgastric is behind the stomach, then behind a ventricle is postventriculic. the ethmoid bone 4. os tempor/al/e the temporal bone 10. gland/ul/a pin/e/al/is the pineal gland 5. oss/a cost/al/ia the bones p.t. an abnormal condition involving the uterine tube and the uterus 46. lienemic a. p.t. Also known as a blood smear. Combining Forms (1-86) . omphal/elc/os/is the ulceration of the navel 16. tempor/o/mand/i/bul/ar p.t. the sacrum 6. vasa sanguinea = the vessels p.t. ep-en-cephal-ic upon the brain (upon something inside the head) sub-epi-derm-al below the epidermis (below something upon the skin) para-epi-gastr-ic beside something upon the stomach Five prepositional prefixes used in Medical Terminology are also common in ordinary technical English. gastr/o/tox/in a substance poisonous to the stomach 4b. If lienosclerotic is p.t. the separation of the adhesions of x 59. xolys/in a substance which disintegrates x 60. xotrop/ism the tendency to preferentially affect x 61. xotrop/in a substance which preferentially affects x 62. xotrop/ism/ic p.t. fibr/in/o/phil/ic having an affinity for fibrin 62b. lapar/o/scop/e an instrument for examining the abdominal wall 10b. the nails not pain p.t. scatemia_______________________________________________________________________ 43b. 1. venae uterinae____________________________________________________________________ 2. sinus urogenitalis__________________________________________________________________ 3. musculi rectourethrales____________________________________________________________ 4. ligamentum uteroovaricum________________________________________________________ 5. ganglia lumbalia__________________________________________________________________ 6. arteria testicularis_________________________________________________________________ 7. sutura sphenofrontalis_____________________________________________________________ 142 Chapter 11: Psychology 8. ossa suturalia_____________________________________________________________________ 9. labium maxillare__________________________________________________________________ 10. lingua sphenoidalis_______________________________________________________________ 11.4 LATIN PHRASES NAMING MEDICAL PROBLEMS Divide and define the following Latin phrases. phalangectomy _________________________________________________________________ 15a. 1. osche/it/is the inflammation of the scrotum 21a. stern/o/clav/i/cul/ar/is p.t. acr/o/mel/ic p.t. the ulna (Literal English) muscul-us ili-o-cost-al-is (Latin) = the ili-o-cost-al muscle (Medical English) = the muscle p.t. . sterc/o/bil/in/o/gen a substance which produces a substance of the bile involving feces 45a. cerebellar_______________________________________________________________________ 4a. vasotropic______________________________________________________________________ 15c. . muscul-us ancon-e-us the muscle p.t. 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