New Religions. Two commentaries of the Heart Sutra were composed by pupils of Xuanzang, Woncheuk and Kuiji, in the 7th century. Anthropological studies of government-built relocation centers have documented chronic unemployment, alcoholism and the fraying of millenniums-old traditions. The present abbot of Serpom is Kyabje Yongyal and its acting abbot is Jampa Khetsun. [7][8] In addition, the Dalai Lama regime was shaky, and the Kuomintang used this to their advantage to expand into the Lhasa regime of the Dalai Lama. Kukai's commentary is purportedly of Kumrajva's translation of the short version of the Heart Sutra;but upon closer examination seems to quote only from Xuanzang's translation. Emptiness is Form", and declares the other skandhas to be equally emptythat is, dependently originated. The chief Tang Dynasty commentaries have all now been translated into English. It was formally established in 1965 to replace the Tibet Area, the former administrative division of the People's Republic of [9] The Tibetan government in Lhasa sent Ngabo (known as Ngabo in English sources) to Chamdo in Kham, a strategic town near the border, with orders to hold his position while reinforcements came from Lhasa to fight the Chinese. [4] Furthermore, the areas of Qinghai with large Tibetan populations were not continuously ruled by Lhasa, including in the period leading up to the establishment of the PRC (in the late 1930s and 1940s) when the Kuomintang Muslim warlord Ma Bufang ruled Qinghai within the Republic of China (ROC).[5]. The Buddhist crisis (Vietnamese: Bin c Pht gio) was a period of political and religious tension in South Vietnam between May and November 1963, characterized by a series of repressive acts by the South Vietnamese government and a campaign of civil resistance, led mainly by Buddhist monks.. [27], Goldstein distinguished serfdom from feudalism, and applied the term "serfdom" but not "feudalism" to old Tibet. The sutra then describes the experience of liberation of the bodhisattva of compassion, Avalokitevara, as a result of vipassan gained while engaged in deep meditation to awaken the faculty of praja (wisdom). Since 1949 the Chinese government has used the minority-education system for Tibetans to acquire the Chinese language, considered a key tool of Sinicization pressure, contrary to UNESCO policy on cultural and linguistic diversity. One of the central points of contention in the debate about labour and human rights in the historical region of Tibet before and after its incorporation into the modern state of the People's Republic of China is the very definition of Tibet and serfdom itself, with some scholars claiming that the debate is framed around Eurocentric, Sinocentric and anachronistic ideas about statehood and society which are projected onto the history of the area in a way that distorts understanding. It is only a matter of sending a telegram to the PLA group to recommence their march to Lhasa. No country is allowed to invade, occupy, annex and colonize another country just because its social structure does not please it. A few days afterwards, wrote Director Ngodup, an adviser from the Chinese embassy in Nepal, one "Mr. Wang", visited Ganchens house. Most of the protesters have been monks and nuns, or ex-monks Some of the protesters who set themselves on fire were teenagers.. [23][24], The Cultural Revolution, involving students and laborers of the Chinese Communist Party, was initiated by Mao and carried out by the Gang of Four from 1966 to 1976 to preserve Maoism as China's leading ideology. According to Dreyfus, the 14th Dalai Lama stance stems from his favoring the traditional Gelug traditions and protectors rather than Shugden: [I]n this dispute the Dalai Lamas position does not stem from his Buddhist modernism and from a desire to develop a modern nationalism, but from his commitment to another protector, Nechung, who is said to resent Shukden [] his opposition to Shukden is motivated by his return to a more traditional stance in which this deity is seen as incompatible with the vision of the tradition (the "clan") represented by the Fifth Dalai Lama. The harvest failed, and thousands of Tibetans starved. Georges Dreyfus at the time remarked that in pre-1959 Gen-la would have been killed outright for his temerity. Dorje Shugden does not help only Gelugpas; because he is a Buddha he helps all living beings, including non-Buddhists.[39]. ", David Kay: "Ling Rinpoche, who was from Drepung monastery, was not a devotee of Dorje Shugden, and at the time of the dispute he naturally sided with the Dalai Lama. Chgyam Trungpa (Wylie: Chos rgyam Drung pa; March 5, 1939 April 4, 1987) was a Tibetan Buddhist meditation master and holder of both the Kagyu and Nyingma lineages of Tibetan Buddhism, the 11th of the Trungpa tlkus, a tertn, supreme abbot of the Surmang monasteries, scholar, teacher, poet, artist, and originator of a radical re-presentation of Tibetan Buddhist Discussing the social structure of Tibet inevitably leads to difficulties with defining terms. [18][9][note 12][19][20][21]:4344,7280, Kuiji and Woncheuk were the two main disciples of Xuanzang. In 1949, there were between 300 and 400 Han-Chinese residents in Lhasa. People volunteer to be sent there as teachers, doctors and administrators to assist Tibet's development. During the 20th century, the differences between these two belief systems ", Raimondo Bultrini: Phabongka said "I shall perform purification and promise with all my heart that in the future I will avoid propitiating, praying to, and making daily offerings to Shugden. According to John Makransky, The current Dalai Lama, seeking to combat the ancient, virulent sectarianisms operative in such quarters, has strongly discouraged the worship of the "protector" deity known as Dorje Shugden, because one of its functions has been to force conformity to the dGe-lugs-pa sect (with which the Dalai Lama himself is most closely associated) and to assert power over competing sects. On 11 June 1949, at twelve years of age in the Tibetan counting system, Gonpo Tseten was enthroned at the major Gelugpa monastery in Amdo, Kumbum Jampa Ling monastery as the 10th Panchen Lama and given the name Lobsang Trinley Lhndrub Chkyi Gyaltsen. Even Dorje Shugdans form reveals the complete stages of the path of Sutra and Tantra, and such qualities are not possessed by the forms of worldly beings. Thirdly, necessary reforms were initiated and Tibetans are quite capable of doing so. Mindfulness derives from sati, a significant element of Hindu and Buddhist traditions, and is based on Zen, Vipassan, and Tibetan meditation techniques. [note 5][note 6]. [26] Popularly known as the "Princess of Tibet",[27] she is considered important in Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan-Chinese politics, as she is the only known offspring in the over 620-year history of either the Panchen Lama or Dalai Lama reincarnation lineages. Similarly, in 2004, one of the monasterys smallest and (previously) poorest khangtsens began to build an elaborate new prayer room and residence for its handful of members. [7]:216238 It is also viewed as one of the daughter sutras of the Prajnaparamita genre in the Vajrayana tradition as passed down from Tibet. [17], Fukui Fumimasa, Harada Waso, Ishii Ksei and Siu Sai yau based on their cross-philological study of Chinese and Sanskrit texts of the Heart Sutra and other medieval period Sanskrit Mahayana sutras theorize that the Heart Sutra could not have been composed in China but was composed in India. Some Sanskrit Titles of the Heart Sutra from 8th13th centuries CE, Sonam Gyaltsen Gonta: bCom ldan 'das mashes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa'i.(transl: Directly translating the title "bCom ldan 'das ma" - it has the meaning of "Mother of all Buddhas". "[67], Earliest extant versions and references to the Heart Sutra, Source of the Heart Sutra - Nattier controversy, , te te pate paste bod saa. His father was also called Gonpo Tseten and his mother was Sonam Drolma. Only Miller responded in the next The Tibet Journal, in a short letter, in 1987. ", Raimondo Bultrini: HHDL states "That same day, when I told my senior tutor Ling Rinpoche, he confessed he was very happy, since he always had harbored doubts regarding the practice. We also know that most of the teachers surrounding the young man who in 1995 was designated as the Panchen Lama by the Chinese leadership, against the will of the Dalai Lama, belong to the Shugden group. Therefore, it is contradictory to affirm, as you do "from the bottom of your heart", that what happened is only the fruit of your "confusion and ignorance", and that you were not aware of having "followed a wrongful path and led others onto it." tendencies; expose and criticize the Dalai Lama; safeguard the unity of the motherland and ethnic unity and take a firm stand on political issues, taking a clear and distinct stand.[62], In April 2020, classroom instruction was switched from Tibetan to Mandarin Chinese in Ngaba, Sichuan. [53] He concludes that "serf" is a misleading term for the Tibetan mi ser. [16], Chinese sources portray Tibet before 1950 as feudal serfdom in which serfs suffered terribly under the despotic rule of lamas and aristocrats. [51], The Chinese Constitution guarantees autonomy in ethnic regions and says local governments should use the languages in common use. [10]:6769[11]:2[note 7][note 8], The text has been translated into many languages, and dozens of English translations and commentaries have been published, along with an unknown number of informal versions on the internet. If the reports of the pro-Shugden convention financed by the embassy were only "rumor" spread by World Tibetan News, the ambassadors presence at the Millennium Conference was hard to reconcile with his routine duties as a diplomat. "[60], Because Tibetan Buddhism prohibits killing, mutilation and other extremely cruel punishments were widely used instead in old Tibet. According to Kay, Pabongka fashioned Shugden as a violent protector of the Gelug school, who is employed against other traditions,[3][note 3][web 2][note 4] transforming Dorje Shugden's "marginal practice into a central element of the Ge-luk tradition", thus "replacing the traditional supra-mundane protectors of the Ge-luk tradition",[web 2] namely Mahkla, Kalarupa, Vairavaa, Palden Lhamo, Pehar and Nechung who were appointed by Je Tsongkhapa. Similarly, Tibetan Buddhism was referred to as "Lamaism"[2] by early western scholars and travelers who perhaps did not understand that what they were witnessing was a form of Buddhism;[2] they may also have been unaware of the distinction between Tibetan Buddhism and Bn. of State:Trafficking in Persons Report 2008", "Polyandry and population growth in a Historical Tibetan Society", The Goldstein and Miller Debate on "Reexamining Choice, Dependency and Command In The Tibetan Social System: 'Tax Appendages' and Other Landless Serfs", Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906), Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913), Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy&oldid=1113674861, Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China, Articles with dead external links from May 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from September 2019, All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes, Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2020, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. "[web 1] Dodin also states, "The NKT can be described typologically as a cult on the basis of its organisational form, its excessive group pressure and blind obedience to its founder. The result became the main theme ofKing Ghidorahin the 2019 filmGodzilla: King of the Monsters. In the sutra, Avalokitevara addresses ariputra, explaining the fundamental emptiness of all phenomena, known through and as the five aggregates of human existence (): form (), feeling (), volitions (sakhra), perceptions (), and consciousness ().Avalokitevara famously states, "Form is Emptiness (nyat). [28] The Perfection of Wisdom is then condensed in the mantra with which the sutra concludes: "Gate Gate Pragate Prasamgate Bodhi Svh" (literally "Gone gone, gone beyond, gone utterly beyond, Enlightenment hail!"). "Translation amended 2014". [62], The 2013 Buddhist film Avalokitesvara, tells the origins of Mount Putuo, the famous pilgrimage site for Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva in China. [8]:324,334[note 10] The short version has also been translated into Tibetan but it is not part of the current Tibetan Buddhist Canon. A few smaller Gelug monasteries have affiliated themselves with these two monasteries rather than with mainstream Gelug. Ganchen Tulku was on the Committee of Consultants. Karma Kagyu (Tibetan: , Wylie: karma bka'-brgyud), or Kamtsang Kagyu (Tibetan: , Wylie: kar+ma kaM tshang), is a widely practiced and probably the second-largest lineage within the Kagyu school, one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. Of special note, although Woncheuk did his work in China, he was born in Silla, one of the kingdoms located at the time in Korea. "[web 12], Kelsang Gyatso denied the involvement of any of his followers in the murder, and condemned the killings. "[56][57], Incidents of mutilation have been recorded in Tibet in the period between the start of the 20th century and the Chinese occupation. The earliest recorded commentary is the early 14th century Thin commentary entitled 'Commentary on the Prajhdaya Sutra' by Php Loa. Roland Barraux, Histoire des Dala Lamas Quatorze reflets sur le Lac des Visions, Albin Michel, 1993, reprinted in 2002, Albin Michel, Liu Jiangqiang, Preserving Lhasa's history (part one), in, Monument to the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950, Chinese intelligence activity abroad#Modes of operation, Chinese population Threat to Tibetan identity, "Dalai Lama: 'Cultural genocide' behind self-immolations", https://tibet.net/chinas-ethnic-unity-bill-aimed-at-complete-sinicization-of-the-tibetan-plateau-through-ethnic-cleansing-cta-information-secretary/, "Three Provinces of the Snowland, Losar Tashi Delek!
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