2 scenario`s in cardiology:. Cardiovascular Physiology Physiology 1 Robert L Stewart Jr. LASC The Cardiovascular System: Introduction A . Regional blood flow in the brain varies during different physiological or pathological conditions e.g. - Factors that maintain normal ABP: : Cardiac output (co) : Peripheral resistance (PR) : Arterial elasticity : Blood volume Further Reading: Guyton: Textbook of Medical Physiology Ganong: Review of Medical Physiology, ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE (ABP) Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP) is the lateral pressure exerted by the blood on the arterial walls. heart, Cardiovascular Physiology - . J. PHYSIOL. Systole of the heart coronary inflow Diastole of the heart coronary inflow Coronary Outflow (venous) occurs mainly during systolic due to compression of the coronary veins by the contracting myocardium. 2. systemic diseases, Cardiovascular Physiology - . Maryam Fida (o-1827) ensures steady blood flow (perfusion) to the tissues. PULMONARY CIRCULATION Pulmonary Circulation is the circulation between right ventricle and left atrium. These anatomizes are not sufficient to supply the cardiac muscle with blood if one of the coronary arteries is occluded. multiple choice, short answer, and fill-in -the-blank. blood heart peripheral circulation. : Nervous mechanisms e.g. Cardiovascular Physiology Dr. Abdulhalim Serafi, MB ChB,MSc,PhD,FESC Assistant Professor & Consultant Cardiologist Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences Umm Al-Qura University Makkah Al-Mukarramah Saudi Arabia, Part II CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE II:ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE (ABP) Outline: - Systolic BP and diastolic BP. At that time, it was widely accepted that the heart controlled cardiac output and that peripheral resistance controlled arterial blood pressure. Systolic BP shows little or no change. 168cc lf161qmk. SHOCK - Shock is a clinical syndrome characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion due to decreased cardiac output and decreased ABP (hypotension). general functions components production & function of. View Cardiovascular Physiology.ppt from PHYSIOLOGY 001 at Los Angeles Southwest College. Sports Physiology. Aldosterone causes Na & H2O reabsorption from renal tubules salt and water retention blood volume ABP. properties of the cardiac muscle:. Each cardiac cycle is initiated by the cardiac impulse which originates from the SA node. Retina (Define ,anatomy of retina, examination of retina, classification of Retinoblastoma (Preventive measures for retinoblastoma), RETINOPATHY OF PREMATTURITY (ROP) PREVENTIVE MEASURES. Review-physiology-2nd-edition-by-Soumen-Manna Download Ganongs-review-of-medical-physiology-23rd-edition-NotesMed.com_ Download. normal systolic BP=120 25. 14. structure of the heart. - the diastolic BP may remain unchanged or it id slightly decreased due to vasodilatation of the arterioles of the active skeletal muscles. 3) Capillary fluid shift mechanism for rapid control of ABP: - The interstitial fluid acts as a reservoir for the plasma i.e for regulation of blood volume, and in turn, regulation of ABP. - Coronary Inflow (arterial) occurs mainly during diastole, Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) coronary vasoconst, b) Cardiac Output: CBF is directly proportional to COP, The blood flow in the pulmonary capillaries is rapid 0.75, The in C.O.P. The elastic recoil of the arterial wall is also useful in pushing the blood towards the tissues during diastole. Create stunning presentation online in just 3 steps. weather in skagen in september Search Search . Respiration in rate and depth. Both the capillary surface area and capillary permeability are great. cardiovascular disease is #1 cause of death major underlying cause is ischemia due to: Cardiovascular Physiology - . Sports Physiology. Exchange of gases between blood and alveolar air. dried sweat on back can cause cough; slippery rock university football schedule 2022; Chemical or metabolic control: Blood flow to the brain is regulated mainly by its own metabolism. Prof. Dr. Bayram Ylmaz Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology. the (intermedio)lateral horn of the spinal cord from T-1 to L-2. CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY - . Factors that determine the peripheral resistance The peripheral resistance (PR) is essential for maintenance of the arterial B.P. Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF): Total cerebral blood flow increases in hypoxia (O2 lack), hypercapnia ( CO2) and acidosis ( H+). In severe muscular exercise, the work of the heart increased and the CBF may be increased up to 2 liters/ minute. The VMC discharges continuous vasoconstrictor impulses through sympathetic nerve fibers to the various arterioles to keep them in a state of moderate or partial vasoconstriction. dr james ker. Chemical Factors: a) Metabolic factors: cardiac metabolism O2 tension (local hypoxia), CO2, K+, lactic acid & adenosine in the cardiac muscle coronary vasodilatation CBF. These hormones regulate the blood volume through their effects on the kidney (urine formation). We'll be talking about specifics of the heart in a separate lesson, so will concentrate here on the circulatory system. It is a rich circulation (5% of the CO while the heart weight is 300gm). Vasoconstriction of arterioles of their diameter PR ABP (manly diastolic), Vasodilatation of arterioles of their diameter PR ABP (mainly diastolic) Blood Viscosity: PR is directly proportional to the blood viscosity. Vasoconstrictor substance: e.g. b) Hormonal mechanisms e.g. Marked or excessive decrease of blood volume e.g. Vasoconstrictor substance e.g. A.B.P. Cardiac cycle & pressure wave forms copy, Cardiac cycle-Cardiac cycle - A Small Glimpses, Cardiaccyclephysiology4dpt 140126025440-phpapp02, Events of cardiac cycle and cardiac output, Vitreous (Attachments, age changes, vitreous hemorrhage, Vitreous Detachment). SEX: - The ABP is slightly higher in adult males than adult females - After menopause (stoppage of menstrual cycle in females which occurs usually at the of 45 years), the ABP may be the same in females and males, but sometimes it becomes higher in females, probably due to hormonal change. PHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE 3 MAJOR TYPES: 1. Download full-text PDF Read full-text Abstract . part 4. lecture outline. The large distensibility of the pulmonary vessels renders the pulmonary peripheral resistance to be considerably low (about 1/6 that of the systemic circulation). Decrease of the circulatory capacity (with normal blood volume) ABP e.g. should increase 4 times normal before P.B.P. It is frequently complicated by ventricular fibrillation death. 2. We've updated our privacy policy. It has the following functions: Carriage of blood from right to left side of the heart. HF may be left-sided HF or right sided HF or both (congestive HF). Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Cardiovascular Physiology-B Lecturer: Dr. R. Ahangari University of Central Florida, Orlando Human the heart valves ensure one-way flow. 2. Thus, occlusion of a large branch of the coronary artery e.g. The coronary arteries branch freely to form a rich capillary network. Normal diastolic BPis important for: Filling of the coronary arteries which occurs mainly during ventricular diastole. UNIT II: Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes UNIT III: The Heart Coronary arteries are considered as functional end arteries. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Two hormones are involved in this mechanism: Anti diuretic hormone (ADH) which is secreted from the posterior pituitary and it helps H2O reabsorption from the renal tubules blood volume. Increased pressure in pulmonary capillaries e.g. The materials contained in this web site focus on physiological concepts that serve as the basis of cardiovascular disease. Thus, SV systolic BP & SV systolic BP. Lab Points: Each lab will begin. qiang xia ( ), phd department of physiology room c518, block c, research building, These anatomizes are not sufficient to supply the cardiac, The coronary vessels are susceptible to degeneration and. injection of histamine (in experimental animals) generalized vasodilatation circulatory capacity ABP (=histamine shock). But this was not enough to convince the medical world about the safety of the procedure. Bridging the Gap Between Data Science & Engineer: Building High-Performance T How to Master Difficult Conversations at Work Leaders Guide, Be A Great Product Leader (Amplify, Oct 2019), Trillion Dollar Coach Book (Bill Campbell). Long-term regulation. Interruption of blood flow to the brain (severe brain ischaemia) leads to loss of consciousness in about 5 seconds. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. - Coronary Inflow (arterial) occurs mainly during diastole, because during systole the coronary arteries are mechanically compressed by the contracting myocardium, i.e. RMP is less negative because of some opened Na channels, normal permeability to Na also causing a slow depolarization Ed. The heart and vessels work together i Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. cardiac metabolites active hyperemia during cardiac activity = auto regulation of CEF O2 lack (hypoxia) is the most effective coronary vasodilator. Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall. It occurs mainly in the arterioles and is determined by the following factors: 1. Reactions that correct the hypovolaemia: (a) Capillary fluid shift from the tissue spaces to the bloodstream (b) Mobilization of the labile tissue protein into the bloodstream (c) Splenic contraction (which adds the stored blood in the spleen to the circulating blood). Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Sort by: Andrew Guyton - A . APIdays Paris 2019 - Innovation @ scale, APIs as Digital Factories' New Machi Mammalian Brain Chemistry Explains Everything. (1) ARTERIAL BAROREFLEXES: An acute rise on arterial blood pressure produces reflex: Decrease in heart rate. Mm Hg. Circulation (pumping action) varies based on needs of the body Hemodynamics - Describes a collection of mechanisms that influence the active and changing circulation of blood throughout the body - PowerPoint PPT Presentation TRANSCRIPT dr. abdulhalim serafi, mb chb,msc,phd,fesc assistant professor & consultant, Cardiovascular Physiology - . b) Short pulmonary capillaries and veins which are easily distensible, CHARACTERISTICS of the PULMONARY CIRCULATION 1. Changes in the peripheral resistance affect diastolic BP more than systolic BP. 2022 SlideServe | Powered By DigitalOfficePro, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E N D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. b- Restoration of the plasma proteins (by increased synthesis from the tissue reserve proteins as well as the diet proteins) c- Restoration of the red blood cells (by increased formation in the bone marrow under effect of the erythropoietin hormone, which is released by the kidneys as a result of O2 lack). The rate at which this loss occurs. figure 14-7g. ABP is directly proportional to PR. The PR depends mainly on 2 factors: (diameter of arterioles and blood viscosity) Diameter of arterioles: - The PR is inversely proportional to the diameter of arterioles i.e. They start in less than one second. = 80 + 1/3 x 40 = about 93 mm Hg. - ABP filtration (=fluid shift) from the capillaries to the interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) ABP. - Epinephrine causes HR & nor epinephrine causes strong VC ABP. The PR varies directly with the blood viscosity (i.e. dr. poland room 3-007, sanger hall phone: 828-9557 e-mail: poland@hsc.vcu.edu. The effect of CO2 on the cerebral vessels is indirect through formation of H2CO3 H+ions which dilate the cerebral vessels. With the publication in 1972 of a large computer model of circulatory control, Guyton and colleagues challenged the then prevailing views on how blood pressure and cardiac output were controlled. - Pulmonary edema. Cardiovascular Physiology - . They start in less. PR L) However, the radius is the most important factor that determines the PR because both V and L are normally constant. Show: Recommended. Part II CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE IXPULMONARY CIRCULATION & CEREBRAL CIRCULATION Outline: Pulmonary Circulation: - Functions and Characteristics of pulmonary circulation - Pulmonary blood pressure and factors affecting it. Depolarization only by opening of slow Na-Ca channels. The CBF varies inversely with the intracranial pressure. into the interstitial fluid. Normal degree of peripheral resistance. The structured interpretation of chest x rays. Pulse pressure: It is the difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure e.g. Urine Formation: due to renal blood flow and secretion of antidiuretic hormone. heart & circulation. Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology 2. Change in COP affects systolic BP more than diastolic BP. Contains more than 1,200 full-color drawings and diagrams - all carefully crafted to make physiology easier to understand. behind the sternum) due to ischemia of the cardiac muscle. pitchbook product manager salary shock (histamine shock). c) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism: ABP renal ischemia release of a chemical substance called rennin from the juxtaglomerular cells (JGC) of the kidney. part 4. lecture outline. pneumotorax. 2 scenario`s in cardiology:. The severe vasoconstriction elevates the ABP toward normal to improve the blood flow to the brain. cardiovascular system function functional anatomy of the heart myocardial. as in left sided heart failure, mitral stenosis and emphysema. received string length longer than maximum. Uveitis (Classification, Panuveitis, Endophthalmitis, Panophthalmitis, Synech Management of trauma Ropper Hall classification system (Preventive ophthalmol Sclera (scleritis and episcleritis, staphyloma). metabolites, acetylcholine, histamine and bradykinine. Surgical shock Severe ventricular Burn shock tachycardia - It is also called cold shock. Cardiovascular Physiology. They are quite powerful reflexes. It decreases during deep quiet sleep. (4) Exercise: - the ABP (systolic BP) increases during muscular exercise (due to increase of cardiac output) but it drops to pre-exercise level during recovery. ABP reflex of heart rate + reflex vasodilatation of arterioles ABP. qiang xia ( ), phd department of physiology room c518, block c, research, Cardiovascular Physiology - . There is about one capillary for each cardiac muscle fiber. Increase of the circulatory capacity (with normal blood volume) ABP e.g. Gastrointestinal physiology Textbook of Medical Physiology, GUYTON and HALL, 12th Ed: pp753-803, pp: 843-863. Part II CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY. Further Reading: Guyton: Textbook of Medical Physiology Ganong: Review of Medical Physiology. Vasopressin urine vol. 11th ed: pp771-818, pp865-888. structure of heart. ABP. Tissue cells rely on arterial diffusion to obtain nutrients and oxygen and to remove metabolic waste products. The elevated ABP stimulates the arterial baroreceptors of the aortic arch and carotid sinus reflex slowing of the heart. Click here to review the details. It includes the hormonal mechanism which acts through the kidney Regulation of extra-cellular fluid (blood volume with its effects on ABP) Excretion of water and electrolytes in urine. after, Regulation (control) of the blood volume includes the, ABP reflex of heart rate + reflex, The arterial baroreflexes are very rapid. Pale and cold skin: the skin is pale due constriction of skin capillaries and it is cold due to constriction of skin arterioles blood volume passing through the skin. Regulation of extra cellular - Atrial reflexes. This prevents the diastolic BP from reaching a low level. after severe haemorrhage decrease of ABP (hypotension as hemorrhagic shock). This site is a web-based resource of cardiovascular physiology concepts that has been written for students, teachers, and health professionals. You can read the details below. The O2 consumption of the brain is about 50 ml/min (=20% of total O2 consumption by the body). These reactions restore blood pressure and blood volume in mild or moderate haemorrhage. During an epileptic attack, the blood flow increases in the epileptic focus but in other parts of the brain. properties of the cardiac muscle:. A in the ABP opposite mechanisms which cause vasodilatation to maintain a constant blood flow rate. 14. structure of the heart. During each cardiac cycle, certain events occur in the heart and these include pressure changes, volume changes, production of heart sounds, closure and opening of heart valves and electrical changes in the heart. Effect of peripheral resistance (PR) on ABP PR = resistance which the blood meets during its passage in the peripheral arterioles and to a smaller extent in the blood capillaries. Regulation of mean ABP includes: Short-term regulation. You can read the details below. - Pulse pressure and mean ABP. Source: The Guyton and Hall Physiology. Regulation (control) of the blood volume includes the following: Red cell volume is kept constant by a balance between the rate of destruction & regeneration of RBCs Plasma volume is kept constant by: Rapid mechanism = interchange of fluid between plasma and the tissue fluid. part 2 cardiac output & control systems. Physiology. Fibrous insulator exists between atrium and ventricle. Cardiovascular Physiology - . part 2 cardiac output & control systems. dr james ker. All Time. The VCC leads to generalized sympathetic stimulation and secretion of catecholamine, and both produce the following effects: a) Tachycardia and increase of the stroke volume (both increase the CO) b) Generalized V.C. student manual dr. guido e. santacana. Cardiovascular Physiology - . b) Stimulation of parasymp cardiac metasbolism coronary vasoconst. Irresistible content for immovable prospects, How To Build Amazing Products Through Customer Feedback. Summary BODY REACTION TO HAEMORRHAGE Immediate CompensatoryDelayed Compensatory ReactionsReactions heart rate COP Secretion of ADH & Vasoconstriction of aldosterone retention arterioles (PR)of water plasma volume. The in C.O.P. Blood viscosity (V): This is determined mainly by the haematocrit value and to a lesser extent by the plasma proteins. Uploaded on Aug 15, 2014 Bess Wolfe + Follow hormonal change normal diastolic blood pressure 4- Chronic injection of supra-renal cortical hormones. This occurs because the compensatory reactions are not sufficient to restore normal BP. Part II CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE III:REGULATION OF ARTERIAL BP Outline: - Short-term regulation of the ABP. is useful, The brain is highly sensitive to hypoxia or ischaemia, Autoregulation of the Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF). section 1 basic cardiac anatomy and physiology. it determines blood pressure. The activity of the VMC (:: sympathetic vasomotor tone) is modified impulses from the arterial baroreceptors, the peripheral chemoreceptors, atrial receptors and other receptors e.g. Blockchain + AI + Crypto Economics Are We Creating a Code Tsunami? 1 anatomy and-physiology-of-the-cardiovascular-system (2), Anatomy, physiology & patophysiology of the cardiovascular, cardiovascular physiology based on Ganong's, Physiology of cardiovascular system dr toufiqur rahman, Cardiovascularsystem 110221045748-phpapp02, Anatomy and-physiology-of-the-cardiovascular-system-medical-surgical-nursing-ppt, Ppt cvs phsiology a small review for anaesthetist, James Malce Alo, PhD, MAN, MAPsych, RN, OSHA, The assessment of confusion in the older adult, Respiratory anatomy and physiology faculty version, Clinical examination of the gi tract and abdomen [recovered] [recovered], Structured examination of the Respiratory System. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Changes in PR affect diastolic BP more than systolic BP PR depends mainly on 2 factors: Diameter of arterioles: - VC of arterioles PR ABP - VD of arterioles PR ABP Blood viscosity - Blood viscosity PR ABP - Blood viscosity PR ABP, Regulation of the diameter of the arterioles (=Nervous & chemical regulation) Nervous Regulation The diameter of arteriole is under the control of the vaso-motor center (VMC) present in the medulla oblongata and the VC sympathetic tone (from VMC) to the arterioles) The activity of the VMC is modified by impulses from the arterial baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, atrial receptors and other receptors e.g. The inferior vena cava is the largest vein of the body. emphysema Left-sided heart failure. (5) Emotions: - ABP (mainly systolic) increases during emotions due to sympathetic over activity. Below is the complete table of content that you will be able to access inside the Guyton and Hall Physiology Review PDF: UNIT I: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology UNIT II: Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle UNIT III: The Heart UNIT IV: The Circulation UNIT V: The Body Fluids and Kidneys CORONARY CIRCULATION BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEART: a) Arterial supply: - The cardiac muscle is supplied by the first two branches of the aorta i.e. Blood Viscosity: CBF varies inversely with the blood viscosity. 3. administration of fluid becomes life saving: fluids which can be given are: blood, saline, plasma or plasma substitutes. mechanism - Aldosterone c) Capillary fluid shift Long-term regulation=renal mechanisms: - body fluid-pressure - Shift of fluid from capillaries control mechanism. Nerve Supply: Sympathetic stimulation constriction of pulmonary vessels P.B.P. Get powerful tools for managing your contents. e.g. The diameter of arterioles is regulated by 2 mechanisms (nervous and chemical): Nervous regulation: The diameter of arterioles is under the control of the vasomotor center (VMC) which is present in the medulla oblongata. 2) deep system: which drains the rest of the heart. Its regulation is mainly by metabolites and not neural The capillary permeability is high (the cardiac lymph is rich in protein). properties of the cardiac muscle. wu minfan department of physiology, shenyang medical, CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY - . Sequence of events from the beginning of one systole to the beginning of next consecutive systole. EDUC. I like this service www.HelpWriting.net from Academic Writers. cardiovascular system function functional anatomy of the heart myocardial. Guyton PowerPoint PPT Presentations. cardiac cycle. heart rate of diastolic BP & HR of diastolic BP. This prevents pulmonary edema, and is due to rich lymph drainage and ve pressure in the lung interstitial spaces. COP CBF COP CBF increased cardiac output BP in aorta + reflex inhibition of the vagal vasoconstrictor tone (a nrepis reflex) coronary vasodilatation CBF. Hormonal mechanisms for rapid control of ABP e.g: c) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism: 2) A II stimulates the secretion of Aldosterone. - CBF during ventricular diastole (maximal at the end of isometric relaxation). student manual dr. guido e. santacana. The anginal pain may radiate to the left shoulder, left arm or forearm (=referred pain). I don't have enough time write it by myself. The mean pulmonary blood pressure is 16 of the aortic pressure as the pulmonary peripheral resistance is low because of: a) Little amount of smooth muscles in pulmonary arterioles. identityiq cancel. Long-term regulation of the ABP: This is a slowly-acting pressure control mechanism called renal-body fluid-pressure control mechanism. Capillary fluid shift urine formation. Renal ischemia and ABP: Unilateral renal ischemia temporary hypertension because the healthy kidney (which is not ischaemic) produces angiotensinase enzyme which inactivates angiotensin II Bilateral renal ischemia permanent hypertension. Part II CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY. Coronary Thrombosis occlusion of one of the coronary arteries or its branches necrosis of the area supplied by the occluded artery myocardial infarction. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Ed. 3. Reactions that increase the cardiac output (CO) and, b- Restoration of the plasma proteins (by increased. ATRIAL MUSCLE 2. HYPOVOLAEMIC SHOCKCARDIOGENIC SHOCK -It occurs a result of - It occurs as a result of excessive loss of blood decreased pumping or plasma, e.g. : Baroreceptors reflexes (=arterial baroreceptors reflex mechanisms): = Feed-back control system that prevents sudden or of ABP e.g. Physical Factors that control the cerebral blood flow (CBF) Effective perfusion pressure i.e. The high intracranial pressure compression of the intracranial arteries blood flow to the brain ischaemia of the medullary centers generalized vasoconstriction of ABP to maintain the blood flow to the brain (despite the increased intracranial pressure). Normal diastolic blood pressure is important for coronary filling because filling of coronary arteries occurs mainly during ventricular diastolic. Chapter 19. ABP reflex of heart rate + reflex vasodilatation of arterioles ABP. The Heart Atrial syncytium Ventricular syncytium Two pumps: the right (blood to the lungs) and the left (blood to the peripheral organs) Both pumps contract and relax to move the blood inside and out of the heart in one direction. CORONARY BLOOD FLOW Under resting conditions coronary blood flow (CBF) in the human heart is about 250 ml/ minute (=5% of the cardiac output). This is called vasomotor tone and it is important to maintain normal ABP. The alveoli are normally kept dry. systemic diseases, Cardiovascular Physiology - . control mechanism. Cardiovascular Physiology - . a. b. m. c. l. d. e. k. f. j. i. h. Cardiovascular Physiology - . During diastole coronary outflow and veins are filled. Pulmonary Oedema: It is the pathological presence of fluid inside the alveoli of the lungs. Figure. structure of heart. in left-sided heart failure or mitral stenosis passage of fluid into the alveoli 2. Venoconstriction VR Mobilization of labile Contraction of spleen. Features expanded clinical coverage including obesity, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and other degenerative diseases. Volume of blood lost. dr. abeer a. al-masri, phd a. professor, consultant, Cardiovascular Physiology - . increase in the heart rate and vasoconstriction. passage of fluid across the capillary wall into the alveoli. So, loss of small amounts of blood every day over many months, does not disturb the circulation though it may produce anaemia. qiang xia ( ), phd department of physiology room c518, block c, research, Cardiovascular Physiology - . View 11 B-Cardiovascular Physiology.ppt from PHYSIOLOGY 2010 at University of Central Florida. Cerebral Circulation: - The CNS Ischaemic response and cushingd reflex. Angiotensin I (AI) is converted into octapeptide called angiotensin II (AII) by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) mainly in the lungs. 22): S234-S243, 1999 Realistically, most professional and general physiology and reserve proteins secretion of adrenaline & from the tissues to the Noradrenaline plasma proteins. The exact cause is unknown. Each cardiac cycle is initiated by the cardiac impulse which originates from the SA node. Heart's Role in Maintaining Homeostatis. The glycogen content of the brain meets its metabolic needs only for 2 minutes. | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to download Cardiac output propels blood through the arteries and veins as. Acts as a blood reservoir. - Auto regulation and control of the cerebral blood flow (CBF). EFFECTS OF HAEMORRHAGE The following effects are produced by haemorrhage: Hypotension: because the loss of blood blood volume C.O.P. organs of the cardiovascular system heart blood vessels arteries arterioles capillaries veins venules the heart muscular organ the size of a fist four chambers - l/r ventricles l/r atria endocardium- lines the heart chambers myocardium- muscle layer pericardium- membranous outer covering atria right atrium (ra)- right upper chamber- receives CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY - . Anginal pain may be relieved by rest & coronary VD drugs. Pulmonary Blood Pressure (P.B.P) Factors that pulmonary arterial BP: Expiration (VC) Sympathetic stimulation (VC) Catecholamine and angiotensin II (VC) Histamine and serotonin (VC) Hypoxia (VC) Lung disease e.g. Mean Arterial BP: It is the average pressure in the arteries throughout cardiac cycle. 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