Mint is one of the most famous natural herbs used for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antioxidant, and vasoconstrictor effects. Feel free to contact her at. You might expect a boost, but the extent that peppermint consumption improved performance was considerable. Mimica-Dukic N, Jakovljevic V, Sabo A, Popovic M, Lukic V, Gasic O, Jancic R: Evaluation of some pharmacodynamic effects of Mentha longifolia extracts. Scientists have outlined the top benefits of peppermint for athletes: Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. In an animal study, intraperitoneal injection of different components of peppermint into mice, significantly increased the ambulatory activity. Mauskop A. Reduction in the arterial smooth muscle tonicity is a possible explanation for these effects. Forster HB, Niklas H, Lutz S. Antipasmodic effects of some medicinal plants. A guide to improving fitness outcomes through nutrition. Blood pressure, heart rate, and spirometry parameters including forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), and peak inspiratory flow (PIF) were determined one day before, and after the supplementation period. Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles, increase in the ventilation and brain oxygen concentration, and decrease in the blood lactate level are the most plausible explanations. Menthol (29%) and menthone (20-30%) are the major components of the peppermint essential oil. Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package. By 21 octobre 2022 21 octobre 2022 A 2013 study enrolled 12 male students who were given an exercise test before and after peppermint essential oil supplementation . Menthol group shown no significant differences in the vital capacity, forced expiratory volume or change in the peak expiratory flow rate [15]. The feeling of freshness we experience when we use menthol containing products is in part because of the trigeminal nerve in the brain. Inhalation of peppermint aroma improved the lung capacity and inhalation ability in healthy participants using a peak flow meter (Raudenbush and Zoladz, 2003 ). Mint (mentha) is a herb which is well known for its antispasmodic, painkilling [13], anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, decongestant, and antioxidant effects [4]. Functional parameters significantly improved in post-test as compared with pre-test. Mint (mentha) is a herb which is well known for its antispasmodic, painkilling [1-3], anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, decongestant, and antioxidant effects [4]. 2009, New York: Mc Graw Hill. The statistical analysis performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS Version 16, SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL). The results of the experiment support the effectiveness of peppermint essential oil on the exercise performance, gas analysis, spirometry parameters, blood pressure, and respiratory rate in the young male students. FVC: Forced vital capacity; PEF: Peak expiratory flow rate; PIF: Peak inspiratory flow; Wtotal: Calculated total work; Pmax: Maximal power output; CNS: Central nervous system; VO2: Oxygen uptake; VCO2: Carbon dioxide elimination; VE: Minute ventilation; RR: Respiratory rate; PETO2: End-tidal oxygen tension; PETCO2: End-tidal carbon dioxide tension; RER: Respiratory exchange ratio; EQO2: Ventilatory equivalents for O2; EQCO2: Ventilatory equivalents for CO2; VT: Tidal volume; VA: Alveolar ventilation; METS: Metabolic equivalent; EE: Energy expenditure; FETO2: Fractional end-tidal O2 concentration; FETCO2: Fractional end-tidal CO2 concentration; CHO: Carbohydrate. Alternative Medicine: The Definitive Guide. The first study had participants inhale peppermint odor, and found no changes in exercise performance. Respir Med. Over the course of 10 days, subjects were instructed to consume a drink laced with 0.05 ml. Scientists have outlined the top benefits of peppermint for athletes: ~Relieves nausea and calms anxiety associated with competitive athletic events ~Improves respiratory function leading to greater mental alertness and overall concentration ~Provides relief from sore muscles and cramps Inhale Exercise Enhancement Abstract Objective: Effect of peppermint on exercise performance was previously investigated but equivocal findings exist. The results of the experiment support the effectiveness of peppermint essential oil on the exercise performance, gas analysis, spirometry parameters, blood pressure, and respiratory rate in the young male students. Blood pressure, heart rate, and spirometry parameters including forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), and peak inspiratory flow (PIF) were determined one day before, and after the supplementation period. Previous studies have shown that various kinds of mint were effective in reducing muscle pain [19, 20], muscle relaxation, and reduce fatigue [21]. Background Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are double agents, which downregulate endogenous concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone whilst simultaneously providing daily supplementation of exogenous oestrogen and progestin during the OCP-taking days. Phytother Res. Twelve healthy male students every day consumed one 500ml bottle of mineral water, containing 0.05ml peppermint essential oil for ten days. 2003, 69: 413-419. See my video, Enhancing Athletic Performance with Peppermint. We are softly launching Peppermint Jim Colorado!!! Peppermint, and some of the other members of the mint family might well have some performance-enhancing or health-promoting effects you weren't aware of. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". European Journal Of Applied Physiology And Occupational Physiology. And all their performance. Medical Clinics of North America. Peak inspiratory flow (PIF) shows maximum changes whereas forced vital capacity (FVC) had least changes and effect size. 01 Nov November 1, 2022. lack of exercise effects. Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance. An official website of the United States government. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. . Positive changes in carbohydrate and fat oxidation in accordance with enhancement of energy expenditure and MET may be related to some unknown effects on the cellular level. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. In yet another four-week randomised placebo controlled study, 23 subjects with chronic mild asthma received either nebulised menthol (10mg twice a day) or placebo. 1988, London: Ward Lock Limited, Simpson WF, Coady RC, Osowski EE, Bode DS: The effect of aromatherapy on exercise performance. All of that probably sounds sure-sure-fine, but check out the magnitude of the effects: After drinking peppermint water, time to exhaustion on a treadmill . However, the menthol group significantly decreased their bronchodilator medicines and had fewer wheezing episodes [15]. Peppermint aroma caused improvement on tasks related to attentional processes, virtual recognition memory, working memory, and visual-motor response. Peppermint's Primary Constituent, Menthol, Improves Exercise Performan - DropFX Significant Findings: "Menthol improved overall exercise performance (Hedges' g = 0.33, 95% CI 0.00, 0.65 P = 0.05), demonstrating greater effects when applied internally (Hedges' g = 0.40, 95% CI 0.04, 0.76, P = 0.03)." The parameters obtained from the gas analyzer during Bruce test presented in the Table1. Znker KS, Tlle W, Blmel G, Probst J. No #ho. They would test the participants before and after drinking for various indicators of cardiovascular performance. Chem Senses. These results can be justified by decreasing the airway and bronchial smooth muscle tonicity with or without effect on the pulmonary surfactant. Peppermint is a natural herb with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antioxidant, and vasoconstrictor effects. 3 Full PDFs related to this paper. Cite this article. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Accessibility After ten days of supplementation with peppermint essential oil, the exercise performance evaluated by changes in the physiological parameters (spirometry and gas analysis) and functional indicators of exercise performance. Raudenbush B, Zoladz P: The effects of peppermint odor administration on lung capacity and inhalation ability. Cathleen Kronemer is an NFPT CEC writer and a member of the NFPT Certification Council Board. Aromatherapy: evidence for sedative effects of the essential oil of lavender after inhalation. BackgroundEnhancing athletic performance is a great desire among the athletes, coaches and researchers. Normal distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. The results of the experiment support the effectiveness of peppermint essential oil on the exercise performance, gas analysis, spirometry parameters, blood pressure, and respiratory rate in the young male students. Part of The results of the experiment support the effectiveness of peppermint essential oil on the exercise performance, gas analysis, spirometry parameters, blood pressure, and respiratory rate in the young male students. Menthol (peppermint) is known for its familiar perceived cooling effect and fresh sensation in the mouth and nose. Tamaoki J, Chiyotani A, Sakai A, Takemura H, Konno K: Effect of menthol vapour on airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with mild asthma. However, previous studies showed inhaling peppermint aroma has no effect on the lung function tests and physical performance during acute and intensive exercise [18]. The effects of peppermint on exercise performance 21 Mar 2013 Abbas Meamarbashi and Ali Rajabi The results of the experiment support the effectiveness of peppermint essential oil on the exercise performance, gas analysis, spirometry parameters, blood pressure, and respiratory rate in the young male students. In an in-vitro study, menthol vapour lowered the surface tension on synthetic surfactant films [23]. Rezende RS. Avicenna J Phytomed. Background: Enhancing athletic performance is a great desire among the athletes, coaches and researchers. Each month, NFPT features one certified personal trainer on our blog, in social media profiles and on our home page. This nerve is involved in temperature detection and perception and . You could bring a bottle of peppermint essential oil to your holiday workouts and ask clients if they mind taking a whiff before exercising. The effects of peppermint on exercise performance BACKGROUND Enhancing athletic performance is a great desire among the athletes, coaches and researchers. Scientists have outlined the top benefits of peppermint for athletes: ~Relieves nausea and calms anxiety associated with competitive athletic events, ~Improves respiratory function leading to greater mental alertness and overall concentration, ~Provides relief from sore muscles and cramps. Another study whose data was published in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition went a step further and looked at the effects of peppermint oil consumption on athletic performance. It ranks as a premier choice for individuals seeking to boost athletic performance. Analgesic effect of rotundefolone in rodents. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Extensive research on the effectiveness of aromas on cognitive performance, perceived physical workload, and pain responses were conducted based on possible changes in the brain activity [3,7,16,18,22,26-28]. The oil improved exercise performance, respiratory function, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory gas exchange. Peppermint Jim 2013-08-16T13:56:33-07:00 August 16th, 2013 | Blog | Comments Off on The effects of peppermint on exercise performance. Participants were asked to refrain from any medium to vigorous exercise and their diet was controlled during the study. Those effects are useful for performance, exercise recovery, and health. Mint (mentha) is a herb which is well known for its antispasmodic, painkilling [ 1 - 3 ] Exercise performance parameters consist of time to exhaustion (TE), total work (Wtotal), maximal power (Pmax), vertical distance, and horizontal distance computed by the treadmills software considering the slope angle, speed and duration of each stage. The research team evaluated individuals exercising in rooms with various fragrances piped into the ventilation systems, along with a control room. . No effect on the forced expiratory volume reported in the experimental group. Home | NFPT Blog | The Effects of Peppermint on Performance. A study of Dedeay's, 1995 [ 50] showed that the aqueous solution containing rosemary and peppermint which was given to French cyclists made muscle relaxation and decreased muscular fatigues. lack of exercise effects. 1993, Puyallup, WA: Future Medicine Pub, 2. This altered hormonal milieu differs significantly from that of eumenorrheic women and might impact exercise performance, due to changes in . Increased inspiratory muscle strength. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Lung function tests significantly increased after ten days of supplementation. Mint is one of the most famous natural herbs used for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antioxidant, and vasoconstrictor effects. By . Previously, reported a significant increase in the respiratory muscle strength after four-week inspiratory and expiratory muscle training on the respiratory muscle strength and time to exhaustion in healthy people [15]. government site. DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-15. was responsible for subject recruitment and laboratory tests assistance. statement and The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilks tests revealed the normality of the data. Download Download PDF. CAS Umezu T, Sakata A, Ito H. Ambulation-promoting effect of peppermint oil and identification of its active constituents. Functional indicators of exercise performance showed significant increase in the time to exhaustion and distance (Table2). In a recent study published in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, researchers looked at the effect of PEPPERMINT OIL on running performance. A substantial increase in the respiratory ventilation, respiratory rate (RR), VO2/Kg, VCO2/Kg, MET, and energy expenditure were observed showing enhancement in the respiratory efficiency and energy expenditure during the exercise. Evaluation of surfactant-like effects of commonly used remedies for colds. 2002, 6: 1-15. Dr. Abbas Meamarbashi is Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Further investigations are required to unravel the mechanism underlying the effectiveness of peppermint on the exercise performance and respiratory parameters. Instant effects of peppermint essential oil on the physiological parameters and exercise performance (2014) . Both resting and exercise heart rates were significantly decreased during post-test. Normal distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. Raudenbush B: The effects of odors on objective and subjective measures of physical performance. Researchers recently studied the effects of peppermint on exercise performance and came away with some interesting conclusions. 1997, 3: 63-65. Mr. Ali Rajabi is an MSc student in sport physiology. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Even though inhaling mint aroma in athletes has been investigated, there were no significant effects on the exercise performance. The effect of aromatherapy on exercise performance. PubMed Sections of this page. Peppermint is one of the mentha species (i.e., mentha piperita, peppermint oil, mentha arvensis, cornmint oil) [5]. We suggest further investigations on the hepatic metabolism of the peppermint essential oil components to elucidate the pharmacokinetics of peppermint absorbed through the nose, mouth or intestine. have much more of an effect on performance of static monotonous work than a continuous rate of exposure (Kawakami, et . Respiration. Burton Goldberg G: Alternative Medicine: The Definitive Guide. A recent article by the Journal of the International Sports Society provides results of tred-mill based exercise tests whereas participants ingested water with peppermint essential oils prior to exercisethus proving enhanced functionality results! 1993, 59: 691-. Researchers threw some collegiate athletes onto a treadmill and piped different smell into their nostrils, and those on peppermint reported feeling less fatigued, more vigorous, less frustrated, and felt they performed better. Our supplements are naturally sweetened and flavored with healthy, plant-based sweeteners and flavors. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Cinnamon perks performance. Until now, many researches have been done on the effectiveness of various kinds of natural products in the improvement of sport performances. However, there is very little scientific evidence to support or refute the claims made by merchants, practitioners, and manufacturers [17]. Using a Peak Flow Meter device showed an improvement in the lung capacity and inhalation ability after inhalation of peppermint aroma [14]. is responsible for research design, conducting laboratory tests, statistical analysis and manuscript preparation. Participants underwent a treadmill-based exercise test with metabolic gas analysis and ventilation measurement using the Bruce protocol. By using this website, you agree to our Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition Snmez GT, M , Snmez S, Schoenfeld B. Although reported that peppermint may accentuate energy by stimulating the adrenal cortex [29], it is unclear what dosage and how this increased energy may affect the exercise performance. Meamarbashi A; Rajabi A; Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2013) 10. Abstract. Norris SR, Petersen SR, Jones RL. 1990, 61: 15-221. A heart rate transmitter belt (Polar, Polar Electro, Finland) was attached to the chest to transmit the heart rate signals to the receiver. The effects of Peppermint on exercise performance, measured before and after 10 days of drinking bottles of water with a single drop of peppermint essential oil in them. National Library of Medicine Mauskop A: Alternative therapies in headache: is there a role?. Vickers A: Yes, but how do we know its true? Accessibility, The effects of peppermint on exercise performance, Check Out Bodybuilder Chris Bumsteads 5,000-Calorie Day of Eating Ahead of the 2022 Mr. Olympia, Protein Powerhouse: Gluten-Free Mexican Scotch Eggs, Mash for GAINZ: 4 Simple Recipes for Performance, CrossFitters: The 3 Letters You Need to Know in Supplements, Nick Best Crushes a 600-Pound Deadlift for 16 Reps at Almost 54-Years-Old, Nick Walker Weighs 277 Pounds As He Nears Final Steps of 2022 Olympia Prep, Mitchell Hooper Sets Dinnie Stones World Record, Kevin Faires Breaks Thors Hammer Deadlift World Record, Sean Hayes Axle Deadlifts 1,045 Pounds, Sets Canadian Record, ISSA Personal Trainer Certification Review, Best Whey Proteins for Packing on Muscle, Shredding Down, Meal Replacement, and More, Best Pre-Workouts for Building Muscle, Running, Taste, and More. Further studies are needed to elucidate the possible effects of peppermint in the cellular energy metabolism. Exercise performance evaluated by time to exhaustion (664.5114.2 vs. 830.2129.8s), work (78.34 32.84 vs. 118.747.38 KJ), and power (114.324.24 vs. 139.427.80 KW) significantly increased (p<0.001). Abbreviations. Gas exchange variables including: oxygen uptake (L/min), carbon dioxide production (L/min), ventilation (L/min), breathing rate (min-1), respiratory gas-exchange ratios, and other parameters recorded every ten seconds. Effects of oral supplementation of mint extract on muscle pain and blood lactate. 10.1007/BF02425500. Therefore, author suggested peppermint components are serving as a central nervous system stimulant [11]. Meamarbashi A. Privacy This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Abbas Meamarbashi* and Ali Rajabi. Decreased blood pressure. The FVC (4.570.90 vs. 4.790.84; p<0.001), PEF (8.500.94 vs. 8.870.92; p<0.01), and PIF (5.711.16 vs. 6.58 1.08; p<0.005) significantly changed after ten days of supplementation. 2002, Washington DC: Society for Psychophysiological Research, Zoladz P, Raudenbush B, Lilley S: Paper presented at the The 31st annual Association for Chemoreception Sciences meeting, Sarasota, FL, USA. The subjects were familiarized with the laboratory setting and the measurement techniques two days before the study. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (, Peppermint essential oil, Exercise performance, Respiratory gas analysis, Spirometry. Furthermore, significant increase in the carbohydrate metabolism after ten days of supplementation (Table1) is implying that peppermint can improve the muscular energy metabolism. Add to library. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. In the Tables3 and and4,4, the lung function indicators and other physiological parameters compared between pre-test and post-test. No effect on the forced expiratory volume reported in the experimental group. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. She is employed at the Jewish Community Center in St. Louis, MO. Keywords: Peppermint essential oil Exercise performance Respiratory gas analysis Spirometry Background For example, mint has been shown to be a painkiller, and has anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and antioxidant effects. Subjects working out in the room with peppermint-enhanced air reported decreased feelings of fatigue and frustration and demonstrated enhanced overall performance. Ahijevych K, Garrett BE: Menthol pharmacology and its potential impact on cigarette smoking behavior. But did they actually perform better? Further studies are needed to elucidate the possible effects of peppermint in the cellular energy metabolism. Buchbauer G, Jirovetz L, Jager W, Dietrich H, Plank C, Singh SP, Walsh LJ, Longstaff J, Naples JM, Shiff CJ: Aromatherapy: evidence for sedative effects of the essential oil of lavender after inhalation. Della Loggia R, Tubaro A, Lunder T: Evaluation of some pharmacological activities of a peppermint extract. Researchers suggest peppermint had an effect on a variety of psychological aspects during game performance. It also reduced resting blood pressure and heart rate. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. In an in-vitro study, menthol vapour lowered the surface tension on synthetic surfactant films [23]. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. We gratefully acknowledge the enthusiastic support of the subjects who volunteered to participate in this study. Mr. Ali Rajabi is an MSc student in sport physiology. The mineral water had 0.05 mL peppermint in it, which is the equivalent of about one drop. peppermint essential oil oral supplementation is believed to help relax the airway smooth muscle, increase brain oxygenation, lower systolic blood pressure, heart rate and decrease lactic acid levels in the blood, all of which have a positive effect on muscle function and muscle tone, contributing to enhancing physical performance and maximizing PubMed Citations of this article. The results were remarkable. Raya MD, Utrilla MP, Navarro MC, Jimenez J. CNS activity of Mentha rotundifolia and Mentha longifolia essential oil in mice and rats. Pournemati P, Azarbayjani MA, Rezaee MB, Ziaee V: The effect of inhaling peppermint odor and ethanol in women athletes. Get the introduction, table of contents, and the complete first chapter! The results of the experiment support the effectiveness of peppermint essential oil on the exercise performance, gas analysis, spirometry parameters, blood pressure, and respiratory rate in the young male students. European Journal Of Applied Physiology And Occupational Physiology. Cathleen has been involved in the fitness industry for over three decades. #peppermint #sportperformance #performance #training #essentialoil #EO #doterra #blondenicolefitness. Tamaoki J, Chiyotani A, Sakai A, Takemura H, Konno K. Effect of menthol vapour on airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with mild asthma. Athletic performance: A small 2014 study in 30 students suggests that peppermint oil may improve several measurements of athletic performance, such as jumping ability or grip strength. Essential oils are highly concentrated so a little goes a long way. Raudenbush B, Corley N, Eppich W: Enhancing athletic performance through the administration of peppermint odor. Article Hence, due to equivocal findings and lack of good-quality evidences on the effectiveness of peppermint essential oil in the exercise performance, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of oral supplementation with peppermint essential oil on the exercise performance, physiological and respiratory parameters. The peppermint (Mentha piperita, Lamiaceae) plant, a hybrid of spearmint (M. spicata) and water mint (M. aquatica), has a good safety profile and is associated with numerous health benefits. Peppermint aroma caused improvement on tasks related to attentional processes, virtual recognition memory, working memory, and visual-motor response. Mimica-Duki N, Boin B, Sokovi M, Mihajlovi B, Matavulj M: Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of three Mentha species essential oils. Until now, many researches have been done on the effectiveness of various kinds of natural products in the improvement of sport performances. Mint is one of the most famous natural herbs used for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antioxidant, and vasoconstrictor effects. Mint is one of the . Sport nutrition is one of his fields of interest. We suggest further investigations on the hepatic metabolism of the peppermint essential oil components to elucidate the pharmacokinetics of peppermint absorbed through the nose, mouth or intestine. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of listening to pre-exercise music on bench press performance. Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran, You can also search for this author in External application of peppermint extract raised the pain threshold in human [6]. Blood pressure, breath rate, and resting heart rate were recorded. The volume10, Articlenumber:15 (2013) Barker S, Grayhem P, Koon J, Perkins J, Whalen A, Raudenbush B: Improved performance on clerical tasks associated with administration of peppermint odor. Exercise performance evaluated by time to exhaustion (664.5114.2 vs. 830.2129.8s), work (78.34 32.84 vs. 118.747.38 KJ), and power (114.324.24 vs. 139.427.80 KW) significantly increased (p<0.001). After inhalation of peppermint aroma, the nasal airflow force increased, thus the author speculated this effect supply more oxygen to the brain, which could be effective for continuing physical performance. 2004, 6: S17-S28. 1995, 89: 503-504. Time to exhaustion, vertical distance, horizontal distance, maximum work, and power compared and presented in the Table2. increase in the grip force (36.1%), standing vertical jump (7.0%), and standing long jump (6.4%). Planta Med. and transmitted securely. Peppermint, and some of the other members of the mint family may have some performance-enhancing and/or health-promoting effects you weren't aware of. 2009. Our results strongly support the effectiveness of peppermint essential oil on the exercise performance, respiratory function variables, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory gas exchange parameters. Meamarbashi A, Rajabi A Journal of International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2013. lack of exercise effects. Almeida RN, Hiruma CA, Barbosa-Filho JM. Besides, the combination of peppermint oil and ethanol [13] reported to have a significant analgesic effect. Raudenbush B, Smith J, Graham K, McCune A. The effect of supplementation with oral peppermint extract was also studied on the perceived lower leg muscular pain and blood lactate levels one hour before a 400-m running test [12]. However, there was no significant difference in any variables related to aerobic endurance or cycling performance [24].
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