Some scientific bodies have recommended specific policies to governments, and science can play a role in informing an The produced gas will supply the Iranian domestic market starting in 2021.[42]. Wind energy is the kinetic energy of air in motion, also called wind.Total wind energy flowing through an imaginary surface with area A during the time t is: = = =, where is the density of air; v is the wind speed; Avt is the volume of air passing through A (which is considered perpendicular to the direction of the wind); Avt is therefore the mass m passing through A. Total has been accused of bribery on multiple occasions. [47], In 2018, Total officially withdrew from the Iranian South Pars gas field because of sanctions pressure from the US. Also, algae fuels are an alternative to commonly known biofuel sources, such as corn and sugarcane. Total has been a partner of Peugeot Sport in Formula One from 1995 to 2000, the British Touring Car Championship in 1995 and 1996 and since 2001 in the World Rally Championship, Intercontinental Rally Challenge, 24 Hours of Le Mans, Intercontinental Le Mans Cup, Dakar Rally and Pikes Peak International Hill Climb. This was followed by an Anglo-German agreement on the similar lines in London on 15 June 1914. The allowance is able to cater for feeding, transportation, and accommodation for the students. campaigning against this project. The Center for American Progress is dedicated to improving the lives of Americans through progressive ideas and action. Shell plc is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England. This led to the 1954 outbreak of Jebel Akhdar War in Oman that lasted for more than 5 years. New and used car prices finally begin to creep down from inflated highs A railway that would link Berlin to the Persian Gulf would provide Germany with a connection to its southernmost colonies in Africa, i.e. [83], In 2001, Total signed a contract for oil-reconnaissance in areas offshore Western Sahara (near Dakhla), with the "Moroccan Office National de Recherches et dExploitations Petrolires" (ONAREP). (30.00%), France. The initial nations targeted were Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and [86], The deal also received criticism from human rights groups that persisted Macron not to give the-then crown prince a pass on the UAEs atrocious human rights record, as per the statement published by Human Rights Watch on its website. The 1973 oil crisis or first oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), led by Saudi Arabia, proclaimed an oil embargo.The embargo was targeted at nations that had supported Israel during the Yom Kippur War. In 2013, a case was settled that concerned charges that Total bribed an Iranian official with $60 million, which they documented as a "consulting charge," and which unfairly gave them access to Iran's Sirri A and Sirri E oil and gas fields. Shell is a public limited company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and secondary listings on Euronext Amsterdam and the New York Stock Exchange.It is one of the oil and gas "supermajors" and by revenue and profits is consistently one of the largest companies in the world. The railway passed through the following towns and places, NW to SE: The MersinYeniceAdana line existed prior to the construction of the Bagdad railway and was used for the latter in its YeniceAdana section. TotalEnergies SE is a French multinational integrated energy and petroleum company founded in 1924 and one of the seven supermajor oil companies.Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and international crude oil and product [62] It is composed of the following segments: In 2016 Total also created two new corporate divisions: The Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index: A method to rank heterogenous extractive industry companies for governance purposes. Despite obstructions at the diplomatic level, work slowly began on the railway. emerging in Malta. See world news photos and videos at ABCNews.com The company started in a garage in Palo Alto during a fellowship they had with past professor Frederick Terman at Stanford during the Great Depression, who they considered a mentor in forming the company. Another spur, heading east from Aleppo, ended at Nusaybin. The Securities Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice settled the charges, expecting Total to pay $398 million. The railway also threatened Russia, since it was accepted as axiomatic that political influence followed economic, and the railway was expected to extend Germany's economic influence towards the Caucasian frontier and into north Persia where Russia had a dominant share of the market.[11]. In 1991, the French government held more than 30 percent of the company's stock but by 1996 had reduced its stake to less than 1 percent. The lists do not show all contributions to every state ballot measure, or each independent expenditure committee formed to support or A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly In 2003, Total signed for a 30% stake in the gas exploration venture in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) South Rub' al-Khali joint venture along with Royal Dutch Shell and Saudi Aramco. The courts sought a second expert reviewing this information, which was turned down. Search by Year. Total is an official recommended fuel and lubricants for all prominent RenaultNissanMitsubishi Alliance members, including Renault (shared with BP), Nissan (shared with ExxonMobil), Infiniti, Dacia, Alpine and Datsun, Kia Motors, three Stellantis marques (Citron, Peugeot and DS), Honda (including Acura, shared with BP and ExxonMobil), Aston Martin, Mazda (shared with BP and its subsidiary Castrol), Sany and Tata Motors (shared with Petronas) for automobiles only as well as Peugeot Motocycles, Kawasaki (fuel only), Energica, and Honda for motorcycles only. RSS Feed Validator. The fighting in Mesopotamia remained somewhat isolated from the rest of the war. [8][pageneeded] As stated by a contemporary 'on the ground' at the time, Morris Jastrow wrote[9] "It was felt in England that if, as Napoleon is said to have remarked, Antwerp in the hands of a great continental power was a pistol leveled at the English coast, Baghdad and the Persian Gulf in the hands of Germany (or any other strong power) would be a 42-centimetre gun pointed at India.". The students mainly come from Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East where Total Operates. The joint ventures which are treated as subsidiaries are listed in the consolidated subsidiary section. Reasons for banning further sale of fossil fuel vehicles include: reducing health risks from pollution particulates, notably diesel PM10s and other emissions, notably nitrogen oxides; meeting national greenhouse gas, such as CO 2, targets under international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement; or energy independence.The intent to ban vehicles powered by fossil The French government's stake in TPC was transferred to CFP,[6] and the Red Line agreement in 1928 rearranged the shareholding of CFP in TPC (later renamed the Iraq Petroleum Company in 1929) to 23.75%. [41], In 2017, Total signed a deal for a total amount of $4.8b with Iran for the development and production of South Pars, the world's largest gas field. Shell is a global group of energy and petrochemical companies. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly [42][43] The deal was the first foreign investment in Iran since in the 2015 sanctions over Iran's nuclear weaponisation were lifted by the JCPOA. [92], According to a 2021 study, Total personnel were aware about the role that their products played in global warming as early as 1971, as well as throughout the 1980s. Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and international crude oil and product trading. Overland, I., Bourmistrov, A., Dale, B., IrlbacherFox, S., Juraev, J., Podgaiskii, E., Stammler, F., Tsani, S., Vakulchuk, R. and Wilson, E.C. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly [17], During 1898 and 1899 the Ottoman Ministry of Public Works received many applications for permission to construct a railway to Baghdad; it was not because of lack of competition that the Deutsche Bank was finally awarded the concession. Expand your Outlook. Project management is the process of leading the work of a team to achieve all project goals within the given constraints. [17] Only four years later, Total sold its North American refining and retail operations to Ultramar Diamond Shamrock for $400 million in stock and $414 million in assumed debt. The total time to get from Constantinople to Baghdad during the war was 22 days. For marketing and services, the senior vice presidents in charge of the following business units: Europe, Africa, Global Businesses, and one function, decided by the Comex. Search by Year. [8][9], Total entered the United States in 1971 by acquiring Leonard Petroleum of Alma, Michigan and several Standard Oil of Indiana stations in Metro Detroit. Although most renewable energy sources are sustainable, some are not.For example, some biomass sources are considered unsustainable at current rates of New and used car prices finally begin to creep down from inflated highs In addition to the members of the executive committee, this committee is composed of the managers in charge of the main business units of the group, as well as a limited number of senior vice presidents of functions at group and branch levels. Budget Request/Annual Performance Plan and Reports. Events Plan the meetings and conferences you want to attend with our comprehensive events calendar; People. RSS Feed Validator. In 2006, Saudi Aramco and Total signed a MOU to develop the Jubail Refinery and Petrochemical project in Saudi Arabia which targeted 400,000 barrels per day (bpd). [106], In 2019, the company's Chief Executive Officer, Patrick Pouyanne pledged that Total would make a 100 million contribution to the reconstruction of the Notre-Dame cathedral after it was extensively damaged in a fire. Similarly in August 2022, an investigation by Global Witness showed that a Siberian gas field part-owned by TotalEnergies has been supplying a refinery, which is producing jet fuel for Russian warplanes. Learn more about Shell on our global website. After the oil spill they tried to restore their image and have opened a sea turtle conservation project in Masirah in recent years. [51], In 2021, Total left the American Petroleum Institute lobby, due to differences on the common vision on how to tackle the fight against climate change. For the cycling team, sponsored by TotalEnergies SE, see, 19241985: Compagnie franaise des ptroles, 19852003: Total CFP and rebranding to Total, 2021present: Rebranding to TotalEnergies, Automobile and motorcycle OEM partnerships. For group functions, the senior vice presidents in charge of corporate communications, legal, hse, and strategy & climate. The visit marked the UAE presidents first overseas state visit since assuming the post earlier that year. Shell is a global group of energy and petrochemical companies. The article you have been looking for has expired and is not longer available on our system. Meanwhile, Total continued to expand its retail presence in North America under several brand names. (McMurray rejects the theory that the railway tied Turkey to Germany.). For gas, renewables, and power, the president gas & power and a function chosen by the executive committee. A Microsoft 365 subscription offers an ad-free interface, custom domains, enhanced security options, the full desktop version of Office, and 1 Issues. We've developed a suite of premium Outlook features for people with advanced email and calendar needs. Some scientific bodies have recommended specific policies to governments, and science can play a role in informing an Additionally, there were three mountains which the railway was going to go through, but the tunnels through these three mountains were not complete. Had it been completed earlier, the Berlin-Baghdad (ultimately a Hamburg to Basra) railway would have enabled transport and trade from a port in Germany through a port on the Persian Gulf, from which trade goods and supplies could be exchanged directly with the farthest of the German colonies, and the world. Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. Expand your Outlook. The journal Science published a four-year study in November 2006 analysis by the US Department of Agriculture and the US Department of Energy found that substituting 100% biodiesel for petroleum diesel in buses reduced life cycle consumption of petroleum by 95%. History. In a move to cope with the 2021-2022 global energy crisis, which started with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic and aggravated with Russias 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Frances TotalEnergies and UAEs ADNOC signed a strategic deal to partner on energy projects for cooperation in the area of energy supplies. The secondary challenge is to optimize the allocation of necessary inputs and apply them to [19], Other nations of Europe paid little attention to the building of the railway lines until 1903, when the Ottoman Government gave an Ottoman corporation permission to build the railway line from Konia to Baghdad. [24][25], As of 2010, Total had over 96,000 employees and operated in more than 130 countries. On 23 February a contract was signed in London between Lord Inchcape and the Baghdad Railway Company. Subscribe to the OFAC RSS feed Sign up for OFAC Recent Actions e-mail updates. The British were worried that the Young Turks could block off oil supplies vital for the navy. Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils. Completion of the project took several decades and by the outbreak of World War I, the railway was still 960km (600 miles) away from its intended objective. [74][unreliable source?] In 2016, Total agreed to acquire $2.2-billion in upstream and downstream assets from Petrobras as part of the firms' strategic alliance announced earlier that year. This left a gap of some 480 kilometres (300 miles) between the railway lines. The Total company was fined just over $298,000. [52][53], In 2021, Total said that it had registered an income of $3 billion for the period of JanuaryMarch, which is close to the levels registered before the pandemic. The drop in oil prices in 2015 has led to the reduction of the number of scholars. Saudi Aramco Total Refining and Petrochemical Company (37.50%), Shtokman Development AG (25.00%), Switzerland (operating in Russia), Socit Anonyme de la Raffinerie des Antilles (50.00%), France, SunPower Corporation (64.65%), United States, TOTAL nergies Nouvelles Activits USA, France, TOTAL Austral, France (operating in Argentina), TOTAL Colombia Pipeline, France (operating in Colombia), Total E&P Absheron B.V., Netherlands (operating in Azerbaijan), Total E&P Algerie, France (operating in Algeria), Total E&P Angola, France (operating in Angola), Total E&P Angola Block 15 / 06 Limited, Bermuda (operating in Angola), Total E&P Angola Block 17 / 06, France (operating in Angola), Total E&P Angola Block 25, France (operating in Angola), Total E&P Angola Block 32, France (operating in Angola), Total E&P Angola Block 33, France (operating in Angola), Total E&P Angola Block 39, France (operating in Angola), Total E&P Angola Block 40, France (operating in Angola), Total E&P Australia II, France (operating in Australia), Total E&P Australia III, France (operating in Australia), Total E&P Azerbaijan B.V., Netherlands (operating in Azerbaijan), Total E&P Bolivie, France (operating in Bolivia), Total E&P Borneo B.V., Netherlands (operating in Brunei), Total E&P Colombie, France (operating in Colombia), Total E&P Cyprus B.V., The Netherlands (operating in Cyprus), Total E&P Dolphin Upstream Limited, Bermuda (operating in Qatar), Total E&P Golfe Holdings Limited, Bermuda, Total E&P Golfe Limited, United Arab (operating in Emirates Qatar), Total E&P Ichthys, France (operating in Australia), Total E&P Ichthys B.V., Netherlands (operating in Australia), Total E&P Indonesia West Papua, France (operating in Indonesia), Total E&P Indonesie, France (operating in Indonesia), Total E&P Iraq, France (operating in Iraq), Total E&P Kazakhstan, France (operating in Kazakhstan), Total E&P Kenya B.V., Netherlands (operating in Kenya), Total E&P Kurdistan Region of Iraq (Safen) B.V., Netherlands (operating in Iraq), Total E&P Madagascar, France (operating in Madagascar), Total E&P Malaysia, France (operating in Malaysia), Total E&P Maroc, France (operating in Morocco), Total E&P Mauritanie, France (operating in Mauritania), Total E&P Mauritanie Block TA29 B.V., Netherlands (operating in Mauritania), Total E&P Russie, France (operating in Russia), Total E&P South Africa B.V., Netherlands (operating in South Africa), Total E&P South East Mahakam, France (operating in Indonesia), Total E&P Syrie, France (operating in Syria), Total E&P Thailand, France (operating in Thailand), Total E&P Uruguay B.V., Netherlands (operating in, Total E&P Vietnam, France (operating in Vietnam), Total E&P Yemen, France (operating in Yemen), TOTAL Exploration MBridge B.V., Netherlands (operating in Angola), TOTAL Exploration Production Nigeria, France, TOTAL Funding Nederland B.V., Netherlands, TOTAL Gas & Power Actifs Industriels, France, TOTAL Gas & Power North America Inc., United States, TOTAL GLNG Australia, France (operating in Australia), TOTAL Guinea Ecuatorial (80.00%), Equatorial Guinea, TOTAL Holding Dolphin Amont Limited, Bermuda, TOTAL Holdings International B.V., Netherlands, TOTAL Holdings Nederland B.V., Netherlands, TOTAL Holdings UK Limited, United Kingdom, TOTAL Lindsey Oil Refinery Ltd, United Kingdom, TOTAL Midstream Holdings UK Limited, United Kingdom, TOTAL Mineraloel Und Chemie GmbH, Germany, TOTAL Oil And Gas Venezuela B.V., Netherlands (operating in Venezuela), TOTAL Petrochemicals & Refining S.A. / NV, Belgium, TOTAL Petrochemicals & Refining USA Inc., United States, TOTAL Petroleum Angola, France (operating in Angola), TOTAL Raffinerie Mitteldeutschland GmbH, Germany, TOTAL Specialties USA Inc., United States, TOTAL Upstream UK Limited, United Kingdom. Both geographical and political obstacles prevented the completion of the Baghdad railway before World War I commenced in 1914. The lists do not show all contributions to every state ballot measure, or each independent expenditure committee formed to support or In 2017, the average for the USA was about 20 metric tons CO 2 e.. Mobility (driving, flying & small amount from public transit), shelter [89] According to the CDP Carbon Majors Report 2017, the company was one of the top 100 companies producing carbon emissions globally, responsible for .9% of global emissions from 1998 to 2015. namely People & Social Responsibility (Human Resources; Health, Safety & Environment; the Security Division; and a new Civil Society Engagement Division) and Strategy & Innovation (Strategy & Climate Division, responsible for ensuring that strategy incorporates the 2C global warming scenario, Public Affairs, Audit, Research & Development, the Chief Digital Officer and the Senior Vice President Technology). Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale.It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, the movement of water, and geothermal heat. The journal Science published a four-year study in November 2006 analysis by the US Department of Agriculture and the US Department of Energy found that substituting 100% biodiesel for petroleum diesel in buses reduced life cycle consumption of petroleum by 95%. In 1932, the Kingdom of Iraq became independent from the UK. Reasons for banning further sale of fossil fuel vehicles include: reducing health risks from pollution particulates, notably diesel PM10s and other emissions, notably nitrogen oxides; meeting national greenhouse gas, such as CO 2, targets under international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement; or energy independence.The intent to ban vehicles powered by fossil [79], In 2018, Total announced it was buying 74% of the French electricity and gas provider Direct nergie from their main stockholders, for 1.4 billion euros. The company will also transfer 40% of its existing 25% interests in the Orinduik and Kanuku blocks of Guyana and 25% interest in Blocks L11A, L11B, and L12 of Kenya to QatarEnergy. In that year, the Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns locomotive works in Britain built a class of streamlined Pacific steam locomotives to haul the Taurus Express between Baghdad and Tel Kotchek. Moller-Maersk in a deal expected to close in the first quarter of 2018. Arnaud Breuillac, president of Exploration & Production. Funding, engineering and construction was mainly provided by the German Empire through Deutsche Bank and the Philipp Holzmann company, which in the 1890s had built the Anatolian Railway (Anatolische Eisenbahn) connecting Istanbul, Ankara and Konya. Get the latest international news and world events from Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and more. [21][22], Total withdrew in 2006 from all Iranian development work because of United Nations concerns that resulted in sanctions over possible weaponization of the Nuclear program of Iran. When made from seaweed (macroalgae) it can be known as seaweed fuel or seaweed oil.It is also carbon negative unless the dead plant matter is burned, as the The main British commercial interest that the British government insisted was protected, was that of the Right Honourable James Lyle Mackay, Baron Inchcape of Strathnaver. [33] They argue that although the railway issue was heated before 1914 (Corrigan shows that the railway issue was driving Germany and Turkey further apart), Anglo-American conservative historians argue that it was not a cause of World War I,[33] because the main controversies had been addressed in principle before the war started. [20] The stake was later bought out by its partners. Other historians have argued that the sum of many other issues, including intractable nationalities and the denial of self-determination to minority groups were the dominant causes of World War I. We've developed a suite of premium Outlook features for people with advanced email and calendar needs. (QAPCO) (20.00%), Qatargas Liquefied Gas Company Limited (10.00%). Project management is the process of leading the work of a team to achieve all project goals within the given constraints. [65], The present[when?] Sommaire dplacer vers la barre latrale masquer Dbut 1 Histoire Afficher / masquer la sous-section Histoire 1.1 Annes 1970 et 1980 1.2 Annes 1990 1.3 Dbut des annes 2000 2 Dsignations 3 Types de livres numriques Afficher / masquer la sous-section Types de livres numriques 3.1 Homothtique 3.2 Enrichi 3.3 Originairement numrique 4 Qualits d'un livre [33], Eventually an agreement over the Baghdad railway issue was reached between Britain and the Ottoman Government in 1913 in the following terms: First, there should be no differential treatment on any railway in Asiatic Turkey; second, two British representatives approved by HMG should be admitted to the Board of the Baghdad Railway Company; third, the terminus of the railway should be at Basra; last, no railway should be constructed from Basra to the Gulf without the sanction of HMG, which speaks to the importance of the issue. By the late 19th century the Ottoman Empire was weak, and cheap imports from industrialised Europe and the effects of the disastrous Russo-Turkish War (187778) had resulted in the country's finances being controlled by the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, composed of and answerable to the Great Powers. A Russian plan was rejected for fear of it extending Russian influence in Constantinople. [87], In 1998, the Total SA company was fined 375,000 for an oil spill that stretched 400 kilometers from La Rochelle to the western tip of Brittany. [citation needed]. [77], In December 2016, Total acquired about 23% of Tellurian for an amount of 207 million dollars, to develop an integrated gas project. The British Army had completed the southeastern section from Baghdad to Basra, so that part was under British control. Total was a partner of Renault Sport in Formula One from 2009 to 2016. After a futile price war the British lines, which had lost their monopoly, came to agreement in 1913 with their competitors, ending a rivalry which had caused considerable political concern. Enemalta, Malta's energy supplier, swiftly barred Total and its agents, Trafigura from bidding and tenders. Get the latest international news and world events from Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and more. Also, algae fuels are an alternative to commonly known biofuel sources, such as corn and sugarcane. The NGO Burma Campaign UK is currently[when?] [30], The Russians also opposed the railway, being concerned about the territories in the Caucasus. Finally, Total decided to not renew their license off Western Sahara.[85]. In 1919, the Treaty of Versailles cancelled all German rights to the Baghdad railway, however, the Deutsche Bank transferred its holdings to a Swiss bank. According to The World Bank, the global average carbon footprint in 2014 was 4.97 metric tons CO 2 /cap. 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