Missions and Modern History. In Yongan, Hong dominated the lives of his followers with more religious restrictions. Seattle: University of Washington Press. arly during the Taiping rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing . The devastating death toll between 1850 to 1864 certainly makes the uprising one of the bloodiest events in . But from his familys perspective, Hong was in bed for days, stricken by fever dreams and yelling about demons, claiming to be the Emperor of China, singing, and sometimes leaping out of bed and standing ready for combat. Since the Taipings considered the Manchus to be demons, they first killed all the Manchu men, then forced the Manchu women outside the city and burned them to death. Teng, Yuah Chung. Students explore the factors that make up a community. [119] According to Clarke, this refusal of cooperation and Taiping's occupation of Ningpo in December led to the limited intervention against the rebellion by the British and French in the following years. Facing History and Ourselves, The Taiping Rebellion, video, last updated April 19, 2022. In the end, the foreigners were one of the factors. In 1859 Hong Rengan, Hong Xiuquan's cousin, joined the Taiping forces in Nanjing and was given considerable power by Hong. The Great Taiping Rebellion: A Story of General Gordon in China - Primary Source Edition One tactic was to ring a Qing emplacement in fire and kill the fleeing Qing troops as they emerged individually.[78]. It is unfamiliar with untranslated foreign language sources and scholarship. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. The Taiping Rebellion eventually failed, however, and led to the deaths of more than 20 million people. Our headquarters are located at: 89 South Street, Suite 401, Boston, MA 02111. That failed, but another expedition into the upper Yangtze valley scored many victories. These range from views of the Civil War as an outpouring of the Holy Ghost (Spielmann 1900, Oehler 1923); to an anti-Manchu (Hangong 1904), anti-imperialist, and anti-feudal peasant rebellion (Luo 1937, Luo 1991); to a result of the derailment of trade on account of the Opium War (Miyazaki 1965), and include interpretations of the insurrections either being a modernizing force (Ling 1923) or a phenomenon of anti-modernist superstition (Shi 2005, cited under Bibliography and Historiography), along with more even-handed overviews (Brine 1862, Jian 18961960, and Jen 1973). Nankin rebel chiefs and soldiers engaged in the Chinese Civil War of 1853. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. They were primarily destitute laborers who sought protection from oppression. Other "Flag Gangs" armed with the latest weapons, disintegrated into bandit groups that plundered remnants of the Lan Xang kingdom. My goal here is not merely to retell the story of this force, or to reassess its contribution to the subjugation of the . But the Qing also took a somewhat desperate, but rather important, move to save themselves. [115] That change was captured in a letter from the American missionary Divie Bethune McCartee. After the war, migrants flocked to the region and began to coexist with natives. Wei Changhui, the general who had killed Yang, then began to grow haughty, and Hong had him murdered as well. In 1843, a relative, Li Jingfang, borrowed the tract, Liang Afas Good Words For Exhorting The Age and convinced Hong to read it. It was so severe that parents and children of the opposite sex could not interact, and even married couples were discouraged from having sex. In the document below, unknown authors lay forth parts of the Taiping economic program. Spence, Jonathan. It ranks as one of the bloodiest wars in human history, the bloodiest civil war, and the largest conflict of the 19th century. Reprinted in 1936 under the name of the author of the first preface, Wang Wenru . [114], While some missionaries like Roberts were enthusiastic in the first few years about the Taiping rebellion, Western skepticism existed from the inception of the rebellion. The Hakka settled throughout southern China and beyond, but as latecomers they generally had to establish their communities on rugged, less fertile land scattered on the fringes of the local majority group's settlements. Halle, Germany: Hermann Genesius, 1900. [73], The rebels announced social reforms, including strict separation of the sexes, abolition of foot binding, land socialisation, and "suppression" of private trade. Ningbo was easily captured on December 9, and Hangzhou was besieged and finally captured on December 31, 1861. Worksheets are The use of foreign soldiers during the taiping rebellion, The taiping rebellion in china 18511864, Primary source document with questions dbqs program, Name global history i, Chapter 19 outline external troubles internal threats, Final exam review packet, Ceca world history geography, 2006 compare contrast annotated . In 1847, Hong went to Thistle Mountain to join local God Worshippers and conspire against religious traditions in the area. 2-3) . [116] According to historian Eugene P. Boardman, the Qing dynasty's enforcement of the treaty of 18421844 was frustrating US and British officials, especially in terms of open trade. The Taiping held Nanjing for 11 years. Millions may well have died-- well, millions did die in the course of the Civil War between the Taiping and the Qing dynasty-supported new armies. The war has also been depicted in television shows and films. While Taiping forces were preoccupied in Jiangsu, Zeng's forces moved down the Yangtze River. Hong returned home to support his family and work on further tracts, but his disciples still traveled, vigorously spreading his ideas and forming a group known as Bai Shangi Hui or the God Worshipping Society. The Taiping leadership consisted of opium smugglers and Triad members who had lost their source of income through this shift and who mainly recruited Triads and landless vagrants. The Xiang Army captured Jiujiang in May 1858 and then the rest of Jiangxi province by September. A real turning point moment for the last dynasty of China, the Qing, was the Taiping War from the early 1850s up to 1864. [59] Most of the deaths were attributed to plague and famine. Organization of the army was elaborate, with strict rules governing soldiers in camp and on the march. The Taiping forces were run as a cult-like group called the God Worshipping Society by self-proclaimed prophet Hong Xiuquan, and resulted in the rebels seizing the city of Nanjing for a decade. The Ever-Victorious Army repulsed another attack on Shanghai in 1862 and helped to defend other treaty ports such as Ningbo, reclaimed on May 10. Their victims did not know where the bandits had come from and, when they plundered Buddhist temples, they were mistaken for Chinese Muslims from Yunnan called Hui in Mandarin and Haw in the Lao language (Thai: . [114] After Roberts arrived in Nanking in 1861 and met with Hong, he was commissioned by him as the director of foreign affairs. [51] Near the end of 1861 the Taipings launched a final Eastern Expedition. [116], According to Clarke the Western missionaries changed their opinions upon further inspections of the rebellion. In 1852, Taiping soldiers snuck out of Yongan and began a trail of bloodshed that resulted in their control of a significant portion of the land bordering the Yangzi River and the city of Tianjin, from which the Qing emperor was forced to flee. The first history of the Taiping civil war, written on the inspiration of Sun Yat-sen and published with a preface by him (who at the time referred to himself as Hong Xiuquan the Second). [45] Shortly thereafter, the Taiping launched concurrent Northern and Western expeditions, in an effort to relieve pressure on Nanjing and achieve significant territorial gains. London: John Murray, 1862. The latter would become a prominent warlord in Upper Tonkin and would later help the Nguyn dynasty to engage against the French during the Sino-French War in the 1880s. The Taiping Rebellion was against the ruling Qing Dynasty.About 20 million people died. For more than a decade, Taiping armies occupied and fought across much of the mid and lower Yangtze valley, ultimately devolving into total civil war. Students read a personal narrative and reflect on the relationship between storytelling and identity development. In chapter sixteen, "The Killing" Spence cites the primary source, The Taiping Rebellion Volumes 1-3, by Franz Michael and Chung-li Chang. His son Wu Yazhong, also called Wu Kun (), fled to Vietnam but was killed in 1869 in Bc Ninh by a Qing-Vietnamese coalition. However, the Hui Ma Xiaoshi claimed that the Shaanxi Muslim rebellion was connected to the Taiping. [10] The war was characterized by extreme brutality on both sides. But even more than that, it was one of the most bizarre civil wars in history because it was based on the premise that a young, unemployed man from southern China was, in his own view, in fact, the younger brother of Jesus Christ. Includes manuscripts, rare printed sources, visual images, objects and maps from multiple US and Canadian archives and libraries. It was weak in the southern regions where local clans dominated. It was led by the self-proclaimed prophet Hong Xiuquan. Taiping soldiers carried out widespread massacres of Manchus, the ethnic minority of the ruling Imperial House of Aisin-Gioro. [18] Banditry became common, and numerous secret societies and self-defense units formed, all of which led to an increase in small-scale warfare. All Rights Reserved. [62], In every area which they captured, the Taiping immediately exterminated the entire Manchu population. Although Hong likely died of his illness, suicide by poison has also been suggested. Over the centuries, Zhuang communities had been adopting Han Chinese culture. And during the eight years or so that they were in power, they established an alternative regime, one based on Christianity, but a very odd sort of Christianity. First constructed in 1700, it was completely destroyed and plundered by Anglo-French forces in 1860, following the second Opium War with China. The source of the Taiping Rebellion was a highly unlikely onea deluded failed clerk named Hong Xiuquan. The younger Hong was inexperienced and powerless, so the kingdom was quickly destroyed when Nanjing fell in July 1864 to the imperial armies after protracted street-by-street fighting. message from the President of the United States, transmitting the report of the committee appointed by the Philippine Commission to investigate the use of opium and the traffic therein, and the rules, ordinances, and laws regulating such use and traffic in Japan, Formosa, Shanghai, Hongkong, Saigon, Singapore, Burma, Java, and the Philippine Islands, and .
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