Science, Tech, Math Science Math Social Sciences Past perfect tense - Plusquamperfekt. 1 Use of the "Perfekt" The word gehen (to go), one of the most-used verbs in Germany, belongs to the class of strong verbs in German. It is the only official language in Germany, Austria, and Liechtenstein. Translate spielen in context, with examples of use and definition. Learn how to conjugate the verb into the past and present tenses. Need more help? the does not exist in Swiss German and is substituted for with ss. It is the German equivalent of the English past perfect tense.We use this tense in storytelling together with the simple past, to look back at something that happened before a past event.. Do you know when to use the past perfect tense in German? See German conjugation models. 'Nothing is more horrible than activity without any insight.' [2] (compare Italian imperfect subjunctive Sembrava che Elsa non venisse with Romanian pluperfect Prea c Elsa nu venise). See German conjugation models. What is the passive voice in German grammar? Home. (After I had found it, I sold it), Example (recent pluperfect): "Dopo che lo avevo trovato, lo vendevo". "How to Conjugate Gehen in German." Das Possessivpronomen kann allein oder in Funktion eines Artikels auftreten. [1] Hello in German is as easy as saying: Hallo! See German conjugation models. german, english, spanish, french, italian, chinese, turkish, czech based on emule 0.50a compiled with: libpng 1.4.1 zlib 1.2.3 Cryptopp 5.5.2 CxImage version 6.00 ** this version is compiled using MS Visual Studio 2008 SP1 and Windows 7 SDK ** eMule Xtreme 8.1 - improved: update Flush Thread and Read Block From File Thread (Morph/Sirob) In Irish, perfect forms are constructed using the idea of being (or having been) after doing something. Learn when to use each of these tenses and how to conjugate them on Lingolia. For example, it is incorrect to say *I have done it last Friday (the use of last Friday, specifying the past time, would entail the use of the simple past, I did it, rather than the present perfect). While the former uses the imperfect of the auxiliary verb haber plus the past participle, the latter is formed with the simple past of haber plus the past participle. The statal passive (das Zustandspassiv) is formed with the verb sein and emphasises a condition.. The past perfect or pluperfect (Plusquamperfekt) expresses actions that took place before a certain point in the past. It remains the main spoken form, though in some varieties, similarly to Spanish or Portuguese, the pluperfect is formed using the auxiliary verbs tener or aver plus the past participle. The pluperfect is traditionally described as a tense; in modern linguistic terminology it may be said to combine tense with grammatical aspect; namely past tense (reference to past time) and perfect aspect (state of being completed). It is formed simply by conjugating the auxiliary verb ( haben or sein, depending on the verb) in Konjunktiv II Prteritum. Learn from native German teachers. Also called "irregular strong," theseverbs have a vowel change in the simple past and a past participle ending in-en. It is very useful to know how to say the following in German: Punctuation signs, different parenthesis and some symbols frequently used such as the at sign and asterisk. Plusquamperfekt. Also called "irregular strong," these verbs have a vowel change in the simple past and a past participle ending in -en.In the simple past, strong verbs also take the same endings as modal verbs (in particular, there are no endings for the first person and third Another type of pluperfect (pass antrieur) can be formed with the appropriate simple past form of the auxiliary: j'eus mang, though it is rarely used now. Conjugate the German verb liegen: future, participle, present. Saying hello. Plusquamperfekt. Both languages allow to construct a past tense with a modal verb (like English "to have", in German "haben", in French "avoir"), for example "I have heard it". Hello in German is as easy as saying: Hallo! Conjugate the German verb mssen: future, participle, present. 2022 Reverso-Softissimo. "It had already been raining for a week when the big storm started."). Translate liegen in context, with examples of use and definition. This is called doubled perfect (doppeltes Perfekt) or super perfect (Superperfekt) in German[4][bettersourceneeded] and plus past perfect (temps surcompos) in French. The past perfect or pluperfect (Plusquamperfekt) expresses actions that took place before a certain point in the past. The person marking is movable, e.g. Future Tense (Futur) Commands (Imperativ) Subjunctive I - Konjunktiv I. Subjunctive II - Konjunktiv II. lingoni GERMAN produces fun and useful German lessons for the A1 B2 levels (The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages). Translate studieren in context, with examples of use and definition. It was and still is used in daily speech, especially in rural areas. Irregular conjugation for the verb "geben" and its compounds: replacement of -e- in the stem of Present tense with -i- for the second and third person singular form of Present tense , and with -a- for the Preterite ("ich gab") and -e- in Past Participle ("gegeben"). *NOTE: Because the Subjunctive I (Konjunktiv I) of "werden" and some other verbs are sometimes identical to the indicative (normal) form, the subjunctive II is sometimes substituted, as in the items marked. We hope that the material we have prepared is helpful to you. It is also commonly used to refer to actions that had led to consequences in the past (as in I was sleepy because Id been working all night.). For example, in Cnd l-am ntrebat, el vzuse deja filmul 'When I asked him, he had already seen the movie'. The subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II) expresses wishful thinking, contrary-to-reality situations and is used to express politeness. 4925 SW 74th Ct In many cases an ablative absolute phrase, consisting of a noun and perfect participle in the ablative case, may be used in place of a pluperfect; for example: Pecuniis mercatori datis, cessit emptor, "When money had been given (more literally: Money having been given) to the merchant, the buyer left.". or implied (as in I hadnt expected that.).[3]. Sarasota, FL34231 Plusquamperfekt. german, english, spanish, french, italian, chinese, turkish, czech based on emule 0.50a compiled with: libpng 1.4.1 zlib 1.2.3 Cryptopp 5.5.2 CxImage version 6.00 ** this version is compiled using MS Visual Studio 2008 SP1 and Windows 7 SDK ** eMule Xtreme 8.1 - improved: update Flush Thread and Read Block From File Thread (Morph/Sirob) Online spelling and grammar check for In the simple past, strong verbs alsotake the same endings asmodal verbs(in particular, there are no endings for the first person and third person singular), notes theUniversity of Michigan's College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. Bernard Comrie classifies the pluperfect as an absolute-relative tense, because it absolutely (not by context) establishes a deixis (the past event) and places the action relative to the deixis (before it). Conjugate the German verb wissen: future, participle, present. "How to Conjugate Gehen in German." Auxiliary: Learn to translate the verb "to be" (sein) into German in the present, past, and future tenses, plus subjunctive and imperative. Conjugate the German verb antworten: future, participle, present. Try to memorize it and continue with the free, online tutor. Ordinal numbers (Ordnungszahlen) Rules for making ordinal numbers. When using modal verbs, one can use either the modal verb in the preterite or the auxiliary (haben for all modals): There is a drastic shift of meaning between these variants: the first sentences denote that it "had been necessary" to rain in the past. See German conjugation models. ich htte gemusst; du httest gemusst; er/sie/es htte gemusst; wir htten gemusst; ihr httet gemusst; Sie htten gemusst; ich htte gemut; In Latin, the pluperfect (plus quam perfectum) is formed without an auxiliary verb in the active voice, and with an auxiliary verb plus the perfect passive participle in the passive voice. The numbers in German are written as one word up to one million. In Romanian, the pluperfect (mai mult ca perfect) is expressed without any auxiliary words, using a particular form of the verb, originated in the Latin pluperfect subjunctive. In the pluperfect, bhomar tar is imeacht, "we had gone", literally, "we were after going". Introduction. 2022 Reverso-Softissimo. English also has a past perfect progressive (or past perfect continuous) construction, such as had been working. the does not exist in Swiss German and is substituted for with ss. (The same term is sometimes used in relation to the grammar of other languages.) Translate mssen in context, with examples of use and definition. Note: The GermanImperfekt(simple past) tense is used more in written form (newspapers, books) than in speaking. pre-past) is used in much the same manner, normally in a nachdem sentence. Conjugate the German verb kennen: future, participle, present. The "Perfekt" is used in spoken and non-formal written language with non-modal verbs. contact this location, Window Classics-Sarasota Note: The verbgehenusessein(nothaben) as its helping verb in thePerfekt(presentperfect). Introduction. It is the German equivalent of the English past perfect tense.We use this tense in storytelling together with the simple past, to look back at something that happened before a past event.. Do you know when to use the past perfect tense in German? Learn the rules and exceptions of verb conjugation, then test your grammar skills in the exercises. Gehen Sie heute Herr und Frau Meier? The verb has several variants of conjugation, which may correspond to different meanings. The "Perfekt" is the most used past tense in German. It is commonly called the past perfect, being a combination of perfect aspect (marked by the use of the have auxiliary with the past participle) and past tense (marked by the use of the past tense of that auxiliary, had). It is used to refer to an occurrence that at a past time had already been started (but not necessarily completed), (e.g. contact this location, Window Classics-Miami It is most often used to express indirect quotation (indirekte Rede). In Spanish, there are also two pluperfects, being the pluperfect proper (pluscuamperfecto, or antecopretrito) and the so called pretrito anterior (or antepretrito). See German conjugation models. Introduction. Plusquamperfekt. The subjunctive is a mood, not a tense. ich htte geantwortet; du httest geantwortet; er/sie/es htte geantwortet; wir htten geantwortet; ihr httet geantwortet; Sie htten geantwortet; Futur II. In Portuguese and Galician, a synthetic pluperfect (mais-que-perfeito or antepretrito) has been conserved from Latin. [citation needed]. contact this location, Window Classics-Pembroke Park We hope that the material we have prepared is helpful to you. Ein Partizip (lateinisch participium, von particeps teilhabend; Plural: Partizipien) ist eine grammatische Form (Partizipialform), die von einem Verb abgeleitet wird und dabei teilweise Eigenschaften eines Adjektivs erwirbt, teilweise aber auch Eigenschaften eines Verbs beibehlt. Qualified native speakers teach you how to communicate in German in different situations, such as at work, at school, when meeting friends, or while going shopping. Check your understanding by hovering over the info bubbles for simple explanations and handy tips. With LingoliaPlus you can access 11 additional exercises about Past Perfect, as well as 942 online exercises to improve your German. What is the passive voice in German grammar? Conjugating the German Verb Sehen, Meaning 'to See', How to Conjugate "Stehen" (to Stand) in German, German Verb Conjugation of Sprechen (To Speak), The Conjugation of "Werden" (to become) in German, German Verbs: How to Recognize the German Subjunctive I, II, How to Conjugate "Beginnen" (to Begin) in German, How to Conjugate the German Verb "Laufen" (to Run, Walk), How to Conjugate the German Verb "Heissen" (to Call), How to Conjugate "Geben" (to Give) in German, How to Conjugate the Verb "Helfen" (to Help). See German conjugation models. For example: Quando cheguei, soube que o meu amigo havia morrido. Become a Lingolia Plus member to access these additional exercises. Learn when to use each of these tenses and how to conjugate them on Lingolia. See German conjugation models. The "Prteritum" is used: With auxiliary verbs ( sein, haben, werden) and with modal verbs: (knnen, ) In the written language, especially in newspapers and books; It is more common in northern Germany. Translate geben in context, with examples of use and definition. Conjugate the German verb mssen: future, participle, present. Grammatical tense relating to an action antecedent to a subsequent action or event in the past, "Past perfect" redirects here. Plusquamperfekt Konjunktiv II. Ancient Greek verbs had a pluperfect form (called , "more than completed"). sich geben/nicht geben. Note: The future tense is used much less in German than in English. pre-past) is used in much the same manner, normally in a nachdem sentence. Home. ; If your keyboard does not have , , and , you can use ae, oe, ue and ss instead, respectively. Saying hello. o fost foast (or o fo' foast) = he had been; am fost vzut = I had seen; or fost venit = they had come. There are three command (imperative) forms, one for each "you" word. = eat (variously conjugated , , , . See German conjugation models. See German conjugation models. In Serbo-Croatian, the pluperfect ("pluskvamperfekt") is constructed with the past tense ("perfekt") of the verb to be ("biti") plus the adjective form of the main verb. The past perfect form also has some uses in which it does not directly refer to an actual past event. Translate feiern in context, with examples of use and definition. Here we go! Very often the present tense is used with an adverb instead, as with the present progressive in English:Er geht am Dienstag. Tampa, FL33634 Flippo, Hyde. In Finnish, the pluperfect (pluskvamperfekti) is constructed with an auxiliary verb olla 'to be', which is in the past tense. In Welsh, the pluperfect is formed without an auxiliary verb, usually by interpolating -as- before the simple past ending: parhasem, "we had remained". The German word "kommen" means "to come" and it's a useful part of your vocabulary. "After I used to find it, I would sell it" OR "After I would find it, I would sell it"). DeutschGerman--Standard deutsch3.01% See German conjugation models. The GermanPerfektofgehencan be translated either as "went" (English simple past) or "has gone" (English present perfect), depending on the context. This is the past equivalent of the present perfect progressive, and is used to refer to an ongoing action that continued up to the past time of reference. In all regions the doubled pluperfect ("I had had heard it") is uncommon although it is possible - all of these forms emphasize the perfect aspect by extending the modal verb so that a doubled pluperfect would add upon the pluperfect in another part of the speech. Thus. Translate studieren in context, with examples of use and definition. Das Possessivpronomen kann allein oder in Funktion eines Artikels auftreten. haben, Other forms: See German conjugation models. See German conjugation models. See German conjugation models. In conversation, thePerfekt(presentperfect) is preferred for talking about past events or conditions. Translate geben in context, with examples of use and definition. The subjunctive I (Konjunktiv I) is based on the infinitive form of the verb. The "Perfekt" is used in spoken and non-formal written language with non-modal verbs. Sie hatte sehr lange gebt, bevor sie das Stck so perfekt spielen konnte. The next German Verbs in our list: mssen nachahmen nachdenken nacheilen nachfolgen nachfragen mag magst mag mgen mgt mgen gemocht gemocht gemocht gemocht gemocht gemocht mochte mochtest mochte mochten mochtet mochten I will be visiting in Italy from April 10 to 15 in order to meet some old friends. In Portuguese, however, its use has become mostly literary, and particularly in spoken communication, the pluperfect is usually formed using the auxiliary verb ter, in the imperfect form (tinha tinhas tinha tnhamos tnheis tinham) plus the past participle. Hello! See German conjugation models. Translate antworten in context, with examples of use and definition. Sie, formal "you," is both singular and plural:Gehen Sie heute Herr Meier? For example: "Ja sam bio uio", which means, "I had been studying". Conjugate the German verb sitzen: future, participle, present. Learn how to use the passive voice in German, then put your See German conjugation models. Futur I Konjunktiv II Note: To form the past perfect, all you do is change the helping verb (sein) to the past tense. Translate liegen in context, with examples of use and definition. zrobi byem ~ zrobiem by "I had done". Conjugate the German verb studieren: future, participle, present. By. ich wre gelaufen; du wrest gelaufen; er/sie/es wre gelaufen; wir wren gelaufen; ihr wret gelaufen; Sie wren gelaufen; ich htte gelaufen; A more formal way of expressing the pluperfect uses the verb "haver". For example, Kuando yeg suve ke mi haver tuve morido or Kuando yeg suve ke mi haver ava morido. This is largely equivalent to the usage in English. Ich htte dich geliebt wie keine andere I would have loved you like no other. Ordinal numbers (Ordnungszahlen) Rules for making ordinal numbers. Welcome to the first article for learning German from GermanVeryEasy.com. West Palm Beach, FL33411 This periphrastic construction is not permitted in Galician, so Galician uses the synthetic pluperfect exclusively. It makes the verb of the sentence negative when placed right before the unconjugated verb (if there is one) or at the end of the sentence: Possessivartikel geben eine See German conjugation models. Ukrainian and Belarusian preserve a distinct pluperfect ( or davomynulyj as or zaproy as) that is formed by preceding the verb with buv / bula in Ukrainian and by / bya in Belarusian (literally, 'was'). The numbers in German are written as one word up to one million. final /m/ and /t/ are dropped) to express this tense (pluskuamperfekto), which is identical in form to the imperfect subjunctive. haben, Other forms: Conjugate the German verb liegen: future, participle, present. The German alphabet is very similar to that of English but it has four letters that English does not have: , , and . "had written") is now usually called the past perfect, since it combines past tense with perfect aspect. (2020, August 26). For instance, "I had come by the restaurant after For an action in the past, there are basically 2 options in German, the "Prteritum" and the Perfekt. Learn how to use the passive voice in German, then put your For example, Quando cheguei, soube que o meu amigo tinha morrido. See Ancient Greek verbs. Haben (to have) is one of German's most important verbs. An interesting thing about German which makes it confusing is that the ones place is said before the tens: einundzwanzig, which literally would be like one and twenty. Past Perfect - Plusquamperfekt. other languages, Fleex: improve your English with your favorite Translate sitzen in context, with examples of use and definition. It has a similar form to the Portuguese, thus the Portuguese example above in Judeo-Spanish is, Kuando yeg suve ke mi haver morera 'When I came I knew that my friend had died'. In Korean the pluperfect is formed by adding an additional "". Plusquamperfekt. We use the German past perfect tense to describe: To conjugate the German past perfect (Plusquamperfekt), we need the simple past forms of sein/haben and the past participle (Partizip II). Descartes sagte: Ich denke, also bin ichDescartes said: "I think, therefore I am", As you can see that the quotation marks in German start on the bottom and finish on top, compared to the top only in English. Translate brauchen in context, with examples of use and definition. ich htte geantwortet; du httest geantwortet; er/sie/es htte geantwortet; wir htten geantwortet; ihr httet geantwortet; Sie htten geantwortet; Futur II. Irregular conjugation for ther verb "fahren" and its compounds: stem vowel mutation (umlaut) in singular form of the second and third person in Present tense ("du fhrst").There is a vowel change in the stem of Present tense ("ich fahre") and the stem of Preterite ("ich fuhr") and the stem of Past Participle ("gefahren"). other languages, Fleex: improve your English with your favorite The typographical sign hyphen "-" is called the following in German: The same typographical sign has a different name depending on its function: When putting a text in Germany and in Austria in quotation marks, it is preferable to use the symbol (Anfhrungszeichen unten) when starting an expression and the symbol (Anfhrungszeichen oben) when finishing it. 2781 Vista Pkwy N Ste K-8 Conjugate the German verb besuchen: future, participle, present. In some of the Slavic languages the pluperfect has fallen out of use or is rarely used; pluperfect meaning is often expressed using the ordinary past tense, with some adverb (such as "earlier") or other periphrastic construction to indicate prior occurrence. https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-conjugate-gehen-to-go-4071600 (accessed November 4, 2022). The verb vzuse is in the pluperfect form of a vedea 'to see'. The tables below provide conjugations the verb gehenin all tenses and moods. The statal passive (das Zustandspassiv) is formed with the verb sein and emphasises a condition.. Flippo, Hyde. ThoughtCo. = ate (variously conjugated , , , . Die Bezeichnung Partizip und ebenso die deutsche Bezeichnung Mittelwort bringen diese Eigenart It is one of a number of analogously formed perfect constructions, such as the present perfect ("have/has jumped"), future perfect ("will have jumped") and conditional perfect ("would have jumped"). Grazie.' The list of strong, weak and mixed verbs will help you to master the conjugation of regular and irregular verbs in German Also called "irregular strong," these verbs have a vowel change in the simple past and a past participle ending in -en.In the simple past, strong verbs also take the same endings as modal verbs (in particular, there are no endings for the first person and third ich htte gemusst; du httest gemusst; er/sie/es htte gemusst; wir htten gemusst; ihr httet gemusst; Sie htten gemusst; ich htte gemut; However, in northern Transylvania there is a regional way to state the pluperfect (that may reflect the German influence). The pluperfect (shortening of plusquamperfect), usually called past perfect in English, is a type of verb form, generally treated as a grammatical tense in certain languages, relating to an action that occurred prior to an aforementioned time in the past. The word derives from the Latin plus quam perfectum, "more than perfect". We use it sometimes in our computer lab. In Judeo-Spanish, the Latin pluperfect forms with little alteration have been preserved (e.g. In German, the pluperfect (Plusquamperfekt, Prteritumperfekt, or Vorvergangenheit, lit. In German, the pluperfect (Plusquamperfekt, Prteritumperfekt, or Vorvergangenheit, lit. The additional perfect tense is constructed by putting the modal verb ("to have") in the past tense as if being the full verb ("I have had") followed by the actual verb in the past particle mode ("I have had heard it"). In France it is uncommon in the Northern regions (with Parisian influence) but it can be found widely in Provenal dialects as well as in other regions around the world. For other uses, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Observaii privind structura i evoluia conjunctivului n aromn", Future in the past / Future perfect in the past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pluperfect&oldid=1119865261, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from April 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, (eu) ouvira / tinha ouvido / havia ouvido, (tu) ouviras / tinhas ouvido / havias ouvido, (ele/ela) ouvira / tinha ouvido / havia ouvido, / / , (ns) ouvramos / tnhamos ouvido / havamos ouvido, (vs) ouvreis / tnheis ouvido / haveis ouvido, (eles) ouviram / tinham ouvido / haviam ouvido, Example (remote pluperfect): "Dopo che lo ebbi trovato, lo vendetti". The following is a list of the most common greetings in German: Antonia, Imperia, Italy: 'I entered a few Italian-English lessons for my students. The second example may refer to an event that happened continuously or habitually in the past. ; List of punctuation signs and writing symbols. Conjugate the German verb kennen: future, participle, present. Possessivartikel geben eine Conjugate the German verb besuchen: future, participle, present. Translate kennen in context, with examples of use and definition. Conjugate the German verb brauchen: future, participle, present. The "Prteritum" is used: With auxiliary verbs ( sein, haben, werden) and with modal verbs: (knnen, ) In the written language, especially in newspapers and books; It is more common in northern Germany. Need more help? Translate feiern in context, with examples of use and definition. Ein Partizip (lateinisch participium, von particeps teilhabend; Plural: Partizipien) ist eine grammatische Form (Partizipialform), die von einem Verb abgeleitet wird und dabei teilweise Eigenschaften eines Adjektivs erwirbt, teilweise aber auch Eigenschaften eines Verbs beibehlt. Note: German has no present progressive tense (he's going, I am going). All rights reserved. In Bulgarian, the pluperfect ( ) is formed with the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb (to be) and the perfect active participle of the main verb. The passive voice (das Passiv) has two forms in German grammar. University of Michigan's College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, NOTE: The subjunctive form of "werden" is often used in combination with other verbs to form the conditional mood (. Conjugate the German verb spielen: future, participle, present. For example, Quando cheguei, soube que o meu amigo morrera, 'When I came, I found out that my friend had died'. Our simple explanations and examples make it easy to understand. I get good feedback from them. Viele starke und gemischte Verben ndern im Partizip II den Stamm (siehe Liste der deutschen unregelmigen Verben).. Beispiel: gehen gegangen bringen gebracht. Examples of the English pluperfect (past perfect) are found in the following sentence (from Viktor Frankl's Man's Search for Meaning): Here, "had thought" and "had reached" are examples of the pluperfect. Some other verbs in this class aresehen(to see),sinken(to sink), andwerden(to become). Since the subjunctive is a mood and not a tense, it can also be used in various tenses. In Italian, there are two pluperfects in the indicative mood: the recent pluperfect (trapassato prossimo) and the remote pluperfect (trapassato remoto). (I.e. contact this location, Window Classics-Tampa Ausnahmen bei der Bildung von Partizip II. Please use the menu to select one or all variants. German is spoken by about 100 million people, which makes it Europe's most spoken language. Conjugate the German verb feiern: future, participle, present. The next German Verbs in our list: mssen nachahmen nachdenken nacheilen nachfolgen nachfragen mag magst mag mgen mgt mgen gemocht gemocht gemocht gemocht gemocht gemocht mochte mochtest mochte mochten mochtet mochten I will be visiting in Italy from April 10 to 15 in order to meet some old friends. Plusquamperfekt Konjunktiv II. In English grammar, the pluperfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb had with the past participle of the main verb, as in had jumped or had written , often used in its contracted form d, as in Id jumped. The following is a list of the most common greetings in German: Learn from native German teachers. "" is a morpheme that is analogous to the suffix "ed" in English, in that it is also used to form the simple past tense. Improve your German with Lingolia. Plusquamperfekt. Translate kennen in context, with examples of use and definition. Conjugate the German verb antworten: future, participle, present. It is formed simply by conjugating the auxiliary verb ( haben or sein, depending on the verb) in Konjunktiv II Prteritum. (After I had found it, I would sell it).
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